Impact of wealth inequality on child nutrition in Bangladesh

Background The prevalence of malnutrition in Bangladesh is among the highest in the world. Millions of women and children suffer from one or more forms of main utrition, including low birth weight, wasting, stunting, underweight, vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency disorders, and anemia. Today malnutrition not only affects individuals, but its effects are passed from one generation to the next as malnourished mothers give birth to infants wh o struggle to develop and thrive. Objective To assess the economic impact on child nutrition in Bangladesh. Methods The 2011 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey data was used for this study. In this study, quintiles were calculated based on asset and wealth scores by use of principal component analysis. To understand the nutritional status and health inequality, concentration index was also calculated. Results The negative concentration index showed a higher rate of malnutrition in the children less than five years of age from the poorest class. Furthermore, the ratio of poorest to richest indicated that stunting and underweight conditions in rural children under five years of age were almost two times higher than that of the richest children. This inequality in the health situation of children may be explained in terms of income inequality. In Bangladesh, about 40% of the wealth is concentrated in 10% of the families. The results are discussed as possible input for public policy. Conclusion Bangladeshi children under the age of five years and in the poorest economic class are nearly twice as likely to be underweight or stunted compared to children of similar age in the richest economic clas

A Study on the Comparative Effectiveness of Marketing Communication Tools & Media of the Universities in Bangladesh

The study has explored the different communication media and tools. It has also identified the most effective communication media and tools to communicate prospective students. Secondary data are collected from the different sources like books, articles, and different authentic sources of internet to explore the different communication media and tools to communicate prospective students. A survey questionnaire was prepared to know the comparative effectiveness of marketing communication tools and media for marketing communication of the universities in Bangladesh. The survey has been conducted on 121 undergraduate students of 5 Bangladeshi universities. The universities are North South University, Shanto-Mariam University of Creative Technology, United International University, Daffodil University, and Uttara University. The surveyors were instructed to conduct the survey specially on the students of 1st and 2nd semester so that their recent experiences can be reflected freshly through the survey; like, how they have been communicated, how they have chosen the university, and the programs etc. After completion of the analysis of the survey data, the graph represents the most effective communication media is Facebook to reach the prospective students and the advice of the friends and families has a greater impact on the decision of choosing university, and program. Though the respondents have suggested Facebook as the most effective media to communicate prospective students but they like to see the advertising of their university in television newspaper and in their university website. Keywords: Marketing communication of university, integrated marketing communication for university, advertising media, supporting tools for marketing communication of university, promotional mix for marketing communication of university, Facebook as university marketing communication tools, internet and interactive media as marketing communication tools of university

An Evaluation of Targeted Security Awareness for End Users

The content of Chapter 4 including the experimental work and the results have been published. Moreover, most parts of Chapter 5 and some content of Chapter 6 have also been published. It should be mentioned, there are some contents of the thesis which are not published yet and are intended to be published either within conferences of academic journals.Users are frequently cited as being the weakest link in the information security chain. However, in many cases they are ill-positioned to follow good practice and make the necessary decisions. Part of the reason here is that even if security awareness, training and/or education have been provided, some of the key points may have been forgotten by the time that users find themselves facing security-related decisions. There are several scenarios in which users find themselves facing security-related decisions. However, while in such situations, many do not have an adequate understanding of security and do not receive the appropriate advice to make the necessary decisions they are required to make. One possible solution to this situation is to ensure that security guidance and feedback are available when necessary, and to provide effective information that can help the user make informed decisions at the right time to avoid security risks. Such targeted security awareness-raising has the potential to provide support to users at the point of need, in order to take the necessary security precautions and make informed decisions. To examine the approach of targeted security awareness-raising, an experimental study was conducted to test the effectiveness of this approach and presents the results of the study. This experiment was based around the scenario of connecting to Wi-Fi networks, and determining whether participants could make informed and correct decisions about which networks were safe to connect to. Four alternative interfaces were tested (ranging from a version that mimicked the standard Windows Wi-Fi network selection interface, through to versions with security ratings and additional guidance). The aim of the experiment was to determine the extent to which providing such information could affect user decisions when presented with a range of networks to connect to, and help to move them more effectively in the direction of security. The findings revealed that, users always tended to connect to the known names first in the absence of security information and very prone to connecting to names that look like a known name. In addition, claimed signal strength is also found to be a persuading factor. Results have also revealed that users can be influenced positively, if suitably visible feedback and guidance is given at the task in hand. While users did not exhibit perfect behaviour in terms of selecting more secure networks in preference to less protected ones, there was a tangible improvement amongst the users that had been exposed to the selection interfaces offering and promoting more security-related information. In common with findings from other security contexts, these results suggest that users’ security behaviours can be positively influenced purely through the provision of additional information, enabling them to make better choices even if the system does not provide any further means of enforcement. This research also has led to introduce a series of related design principles and guidelines that have been identified from the experimental study. To study the effectiveness of the proposed design principles and guidelines, existing applications have been examined in order to evaluate their consistency with these recommendations and have identified scope for improvement, which would in turn assist user awareness via a more targeted approach. This is illustrated through an example where the design principles and guidelines are applied to the appearance of email notifications that aim to assist users in spotting phishing threats. In addition to the aforementioned results of the experimental work, the findings demonstrate that the abstraction of design principles and guidelines allows the lessons to be transferred to other contexts. Furthermore, following and applying the guidelines enables subtle but relevant refinements to the user interface. Considering the application of this security lesson more broadly, guidance and feedback/nudges should be provided by default in other security contexts.Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research - Libya

6 Steps to be Followed to Make Marketing Plan of a University

The study reveals 6 steps to make marketing plan of a university. There are many articles on university marketing. Majority of them are found on different specific aspects of the marketing of university. There is a research gap observed. None of the articles are found that offers a complete solution of marketing of a university. Marketing is not a single isolated activity rather it is an integrated effort. The 6 steps are identified to make a marketing plan of a university. First step is to determine who will be the prospective student of the university through market segmentation and market targeting. The second step is to analyze the competitors’ positioning and 8 Ps strategies through ‘Point of Parity (POP)’, ‘Point of Difference (POD)’ and through SWOT analysis. After the first and second steps, the third step is to determine the positioning strategy of the university, and the programs. The forth step is to determine the strategies for 8 Ps that is Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, Physical Evidence, and Placement (can be incorporated as marketing mix of a university). After analyzing information and determining the strategies in the previous steps; university marketer will undertake the course of actions according to the strategies in the step five and implement it. The sixth step is to monitor the course actions that have been taken as the marketing programs are implemented in an intended way. Keywords: University Marketing, 4 Ps, 7 Ps, 8 Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, Physical Evidence, and Placement), Marketing Communication, Market Positioning, Point of Parity (POP), Point of Difference (POD), SWOT analysi

Model on Marketing Communication and Branding Strategy of University (MMCBU): The Milieu of Bangladesh

‘Model on Marketing Communication and Branding Strategy of University (MMCBU): The Milieu of Bangladesh’ is started with ‘Quality information with Clear University Identity: logo, color, font, layouts, and about services of the university’ which is with the university branding strategy undertakes quality marketing program towards different stakeholders of the university. The stakeholders are Potential Students, Guardians, & other interest groups that are UGC, Govt. general people, and potential employee etc. The stakeholders may too communicate for information to information desk, employees, website, and existing students and their guardians of the university. The feedback should be positive in each query made by stakeholders. And the positive feedback depends on the proper information design, satisfaction of the existing students and its guardians, and well trained, professional and loyal employees. Keywords: marketing communication of university, branding of university, marketing communication and branding of service providing organization, factors of satisfaction of university students, corporate identity of a university

The Three Challenges of Marketing for Newborn Universities

University is a service providing organization. It has products as other profit and non-profit organizations’ have. And it is to market its products as other organizations do. Especially newborn universities should be more conscious about its marketing, communication, and branding as it is to establish a standard of students’ satisfaction, it is to communicate its products, it is to determine its positioning strategy and implement it in the market. Majorly, not only the departments but also the universities have to face the three challenges in its marketing are identified. The first challenge is to attract students through awareness building and through quality communications. The Second challenge is to retain students by making their student-life comfortable and pleasing in the university but not at the cost of its quality. And the third challenge is to defeat the threat of university’s competitor by SWOT analysis. Keywords: marketing, and marketing communication of university, branding of university, marketing communication and branding of service providing organization, factors of satisfaction of university students, SWOT analysis of universit

A Study on the Practice of Maintaining Corporate Identity in Bangladesh

Building Corporate Identity is an inevitable part of increasing brand equity. Proper Corporate Identity and proper positioning strategy is required to build a strong brand. Creating and maintaining corporate identity is an important phenomenon in the world of marketing communication. A communication program or campaign maintaining corporate identity increases the recognition and recalling ability of the target people. I want to find out the practice of building corporate identity and maintaining corporate identity in Bangladesh. I have observed many organizations, and surveyed some national and multinational organizations through structured questionnaire. The major findings of the research are given bellow: More than 50% corporates have corporate identity manual Most of corporate claims that they have proper guideline which helps them protect their logo being misused 80% Bangladeshi corporates have specific logo which maintain specific measurement ratio All corporate claims that they have specific corporate colors and maximum numbers of corporate uses three colors as their corporate color. None of Bangladeshi corporate has specific character to use in their communication program; like, ‘Fido’ for 7up and ‘Louie’ for Mortein. Keywords: Corporate Identity, Types of Corporate Identity, Criteria for choosing Brand Elements, Elements of Corporate Identity

The Model on the Concept of Multimedia (MCM)

The Model on the Concept of Multimedia (MCM) is invented to give students the concepts of multimedia through model. The model is comprises of the concepts of multimedia elements; multimedia elements; multimedia authoring; different levels of interactivity; and finally, the different category of software. Key Words: Multimedia, Multimedia Authoring, Multimedia Elements, Graphics, Text, Animation, Audio, Video, Levels of Interactivity, No Interactivity, Manual Interactivity, Branching Interactivity, Sophisticated Branching, Full Control Interactivity, Edutainment, Kiosk, Information Boot

Violence against the Minorities in Bangladesh

Violent attacks on religious minorities in recent days have evoked popular protests at home and abroad, and the minority community thinks it is an attempt to force them to leave the country like in 1971.They fear the extent of the dreadfulness of attacks on the minorities might exceed what they had seen during 2001 and appealed to the international community apart from the political parties to look into the matter seriously. The situation of minorities in Bangladesh is a human rights issue. Status of minorities all over the world has demonstrated a pattern of discrimination and insecurity. Bangladesh is no exception. However, the example of minorities in Bangladesh has a typical trend. The seeds of violence against the minority community are inherent within the structures of the modern system which has turned human beings into vote banks and vote constituencies. Lack of accountability and transparency of the state machinery only makes the situation worse. Bangladesh ought to recognize the plurality of its culture and people. Undoubtedly, civil society has the major and the most important role to play in this respect. This paper contains the theoretical explanation of the concept of “minority” in general and then examines the state of minorities in Bangladesh, their problems, the violations against them, the factors and impact of violations, state responsibilities, legal and constitutional protection, protection under international law etc. Key words: Group, persecution, religious minority, violation, vanishing minority