ROLE OF MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITORY FACTOR, CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION 19 AND INTERLEUKIN 23 IN INDIVIDUALS INFECTED WITH Salmonella typhi

Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S.typhi) is one of the most important gram negative bacteria that cause enteric fever and stimulate the immune response in infected patients. This study aimed to compare the humoral and cellular immune responses in patients infected with S.typhi. For this, the concentration of three immunological markers viz., Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), Cluster of Differentiation 19 (CD19), and Interleukin 23 (IL-23) were measured by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in the serum of 54 S.typhi infected patients, and 31 healthy individuals. The results demonstrated a significant increase (P =<0.05) in the serum concentration of MIF in patients infected with acute infection of S. typhi compared with healthy individuals but there were no significant differences in chronic infection. While there was a significant increase (P =<0.05) in serum concentration of CD19 and IL-23 in patients infected with acute and chronic infection of S.typhi as compared with healthy individuals. In conclusion, macrophage migration inhibitory factor plays a vital role in patients infected with acute infection of S. typhi and has no synergism with T-cell and B-cell in acute and chronic infection

ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-2, INTERLEUKIN-4 AND CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION-22 AS AN IMMUNE MARKERS IN INDIVIDUALS INFECTED WITH Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, intracellular, microaerophilic bacteria which causing Peptic ulcer. This bacterium can change its shape which helps the bacteria to survive in the host gastric microenvironment. The Peptic ulcer caused by this bacterium stimulates the humoral and cellular immune response in individuals. The current study was carried out to access the role of interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and cluster differentiation-22 as immune markers in the identification of H. pylori infection. The presence of H. pylori has been diagnosed by feces test (antigen rapid test). In this study, the presence of three immunological markers viz., IL-2, IL-4, and CD22 were measured in the serum of 60 individuals infected with H. pylori and 30 healthy individuals by the Enzyme-Linked Immune-sorbent Assay method. Results of this study indicated a significant increase (P-value=0.0307*) in the concentration of IL-2 (294.27ng/ml), IL-4(151.28ng/ml), and CD22 (492.73ng/ml) in the serum of individuals infected with H. pylori while these concentrations were reported 235.98ng/ml, 116.14ng/ml and 369.33ng/ml respectively in the healthy individuals. Results of the study can be concluded that H.pylori infection stimulates the Cellular and humoral immune response which resulted in the increased production of IL-2, IL-4, and CD22

STUDY OF AZO COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM P-CRESOL LIGAND: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Azo compounds contain two aromatic rings separated by an azo (-N=N-) link. These are versatile molecules that have garnered a lot of interest in both basic and applied research. In this work, synthesis of some Azo dyes derivatives by coupling P-cresol with diazonium salts obtained from p-chloroaniline and p-methoxyaniline. The structure of the synthesized compound has been characterized by using techniques like UV-Vis Spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, the antimicrobial activity of these synthesized dyes compounds was examined by using the disc diffusion method against gram negative and gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which have been isolated from the patients of wound infection. Further, synthesized compounds showed moderate to significant inhibitory effect at the selected concentrations against the tested microorganisms. The results of antibacterial activities demonstrated that compound p-chloroaniline had good antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa at the concentration of 300 mg/ml with 8.079 mm and 6.16 mm inhibition zone, diameter respectively. This study synthesized two new compounds viz., p-chloroaniline and p-methoxyaniline, and among these two p-chloroaniline has good anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus. Therefore, this can serve as a new compound for the manufacture of ointment to treat wound infections