‘Swat Kulat-2’ A High Yielding and Spreading Type Cowpea Variety for Rainfed Areas of Malakand Division

Studies were carried out on cowpea variety Swat Kulat-2 (SK-2) at the Agriculture Research Institute (N) Mingora, Swat during the year 2003-04 to record variety registration data on cowpea variety “Swat Kulat-2” which is high and stable yielding, well-adapted and spreading type variety especially for rainfed areas of Malakand division. This variety has later on been approved by the Provincial Seed Council and released for general cultivation by the farmers of Malakand division. Swat Kulat-2 is a high yielding variety for rainfed areas than the existing local varieties grown in Malakand division. It covers the ground with its dense foliage and preserves the moisture for a longer period. The grain size is medium with pale color. The variety is late maturing with spreading growth habit having plant height of 150-170 cm. The variety has been tested on research Institute as well as farmer’s fields and found to be highly resistant to shattering and diseases. The yield and yield components data recorded on Swat Kulat-2 in the present study also justify that it is among one of a high yielding varieties in this area

Semiconformal symmetry- A new symmetry of the spacetime manifold of the general relativity

In this paper we have introduced a new symmetry property of spacetime which is named as semiconformal curvature collineation, and its relationship with other known symmetry properties has been established. This new symmetry property of the spacetime has also been studied for non-null and null electromagnetic fields

Evaluation of Optimum and Economical Dose of Fertilizer for Groundnut Variety SP-2000

Studies were carried out on different doses of NPK fertilizers applied to groundnut variety SP-2000 sown at Agriculture Research Station (N) Mingora, Swat to evaluate the optimum and economical dose of fertilizer for groundnut cultivation in the area. Based on yield and yield components data, it was concluded that treatment T2 (25:60:60  N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha) gave the highest pod yield of 2490 kg/ha followed by treatment T6 (50:75:60 and T8 (50:60:75) with pod yield of 2319 and 2296 kg/ha, respectively, against the control T9 (00:00:00) which gave 1850 kg/ha. It is therefore suggested that these doses of NPK fertilizer should be recommended to the farmers in order to raise a healthy and good groundnut crop and ultimately get highest yields of pods

Yield Potential of Promising Groundnut Genotypes Planted at ARI Mingora Swat

Studies were carried out on various groundnut genotypes at Agriculture Research Station (N) Mingora, Swat to find out the most suitable, well adapted, high and stable yielding variety for its successful cultivation throughout Malakand division. Based on yield and yield components data, it was concluded that genotypes PG-759, SP-96 and PG-931 are high yielding genotypes in this area. It is therefore suggested that these genotypes may be recommended for commercial cultivation in the agro-climatic conditions of Malakand division

Simulation studies of laser-compression of matter

No abstract available

Rural Institutions and Planned Change in Agriculture: A Comparative Perspective in Two Punjabs

Agricultural change in the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs has been brought about by their respective governments through formal organisations—cooperatives, credit banks, agriculture departments and/or special interest groups at the local level. The changes produced during 1960s and in subsequent period were dramatic but unsettling. Many have argued that the achievement of agricultural change in the region has depended to an important extent on the effectiveness of rural institutions in executing their role as agents of planned change.1 The present paper seeks to review the debate on the role of rural institutions in producing social and economic changes in the agrarian sectors of the Indian and Pakistan Punjabs and present some of the data which have stimulated this debate. The paper commences with an overview of the agrarian change in the two Punjabs. Then the programmes of planned change in the two regions are described, and the particular institution of change—cooperatives, credit banks, agricultural departments etc. are discussed in detail. At the specific level, the study aims at delineating the role played by rural institutions in initiating, stimulating, sustaining or retarding change in agriculture sectors of the two Punjabs. The role of rural institutions as a policy instrument for the promotion of agricultural expansion is examined. And finally the paper points out the implications of the past experience for the future role of rural institutions in the two Punjabs.

Evaluation and comparison: antipyretic activity in compound products of herbal pharmaceutical industries

To reduce an elevated body temperature various antipyretics drugs and medicinal plants are used. This study was designed to evaluate the antipyretic claim compound herbal syrups manufactured by three different herbal pharmaceutical companies of Pakistan. Bukharin (Hamdard Laboratories), Fever-X (Qarshi Industries) and Bukharok (Ashraf Laboratories) products were tested in rabbits. The experimental conditions were produced by E. coli suspension in animal model whereas 150 mg/Kg Paracetamol suspension was used as positive control. Doses with concentration of 5 ml/Kg of syrup were administered to check temperature lowering effect. The administration of Bukharin, Fever-X and Bukhrok significantly reduced the rectal temperature of animals. It was concluded that Bukharok and Bukharin syrups are good antipyretic drug products as they lowered 3 and 2.5 ?C temperature respectively. Keywords: Antipyretic effect, Herbal Syrups, Comparison with Allopathic Medicin

An Overview of Query-Broadcasting Techniques in Ad Hoc Networks

This chapter presents query-broadcasting techniques used to minimize expenses of the route discovery in ad hoc networks. A broad variety of such techniques have been proposed that improved the effectiveness and efficiency in various aspects of route discovery considering time and energy. Time-to-live based broadcast is the most common controlled flooding scheme widely used in routing protocols. One category of such techniques leveraged the routing history, while other category used broadcast repealing strategy to cancel the query-broadcast after successful route discovery

Hepatoprotective and Anti-Hepatitis effect of non pharmacopoeial compound formulation on CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats

47-51To evaluate the anti-hepatitis activity of non-pharmacopoeial compound formulation on CCl4 induces hepatotoxicity in albino rats.CCl4 is used to produce hepatic damage in albino rats in the dose of 2 mL/kg BW, i.p. for 6 days. The anti-hepatitis effect of low dose (70 mg/100 g), high dose (140 mg/100 g) and 50% ethanolic extract (15 mg/100 g) of non-pharmacopoeial compound formulation (Majoon) was assessed in CCl4 (2 mL/kg BW i.p.) induce hepatic damage in albino rats. The biochemical parameters such as SGOT (AST), SGPT (ALT), ALP, total bilirubin and total protein were estimated and the antioxidant activity was also estimated. These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological study of liver sections. Silymarin (10 mg/100 g B.W.p.o.) was used as a standard hepatoprotective drug for positive control. Data was analysed by one way ANOVA test. Administration of non-pharmacopoeial compound formulation and its extract significantly prevented CCl4 induced elevation of serum ALT, AST, ALP, total billirubin and total protein level. The histopathological study revealed hepatocytes regeneration. The test drug also decreases lipid peroxidaion. So, the test drug was found effective as anti-hepatitis and antioxidant effect. The result was comparable to that of Silymarin. The results of present study show that the compound formulation has significant anti-hepatitis activity