7 research outputs found
Effects of environmental factors on the physiology and development of honey bees
Environmental aspects have a substantial impact on the physiological and morphological attributes of social bees. Living organisms including plants, animals, and human are much influenced by the environment. Environmental factors including temperature, nutrition, light, beehive conditions and social interactions are compelling agents in alteration of morphology, development, and health of honeybees. Beekeeping may also be at risk due to climate change effect on agriculture, which appears to be a major concern for the sector. Temperature variations impair the honeybee colony's internal functions, including food storage, brood rearing, and social stability. Colony collapse has been caused by nutritional stress brought on by habitat loss, infestation by various pests and diseases, and chemical exposure. The honeybees decline, queens are replaced, and eventually the colony breaks down and dies by the viruses and parasites. Foraging behaviour is influenced by temperature as activity levels drop as the temperature rises. The foraging activity peaked at 20° C and peaked at 43° C. Like humans, nutrition affects the gut microbiome of bees, makes them more susceptible to disease, shortens their life span, and is the primary factor in the collapse of honeybee colonies. Comprehensive investigation on the influence of environmental changes on honeybee condition and protection against hazardous environmental circumstances. It has been shown that since the start of industrialization, a variety of causes threatened honeybees’ lives. The protection of bees and biodiversity is an urgent matter of concern and demands serious efforts from different stake holders to play their legitimate role
Molecular Basis of the Structure and Transmission of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS: A Review Report
In late 2019, a new coronaviridae family member officially designated as “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2” (SARS-CoV-2) emerged and began to spread intensely, worldwide. Its rapid spread was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Within the coronaviridae family, SARS-CoV-2 is the third highly pathogenic virus that infects human beings, following the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In this review, the molecular basis for the origin, mode of action, invasion, and organization of these viruses are discussed by using various models.  Moreover, the transmission pathways, replication mechanisms, and diagnostic strategies of these viruses are also discussed. The molecular basis of SARS and MERS helps to understand their infection patterns, pathogenic mechanisms with anecdotes on their diagnosis, and future directions. Expectedly, this study would serve the purpose of being a reliable source of information to scientists, clinicians, as well as the general public
Exposure to low concentrations of heavy metals alone and in combination induces histopathological and genotoxic effects in fish (Labeo rohita)
Background: The terrestrial and agro-aquatic ecosystems are continuously at the pity of human's negative impacts. Extensive and indiscriminate application of agrochemicals like heavy metals, industrial wastes, germicides, drug residues and different feed additives has become serious threats to public health. The current experimental trial was executed to investigate genotoxic potential of different heavy metals in fresh water fish (Labeo rohita).Methods: A total of 120 active, healthy, free from disease and internal parasites fish having three months of age were procured from local fish breeding center and were kept in glass aquarium having 100 liter water. After two weeks of acclimatization, fish were arbitrarily distributed and placed in different eight groups (A-H). Prior to start of experiment, acute toxicity of various heavy metals alone such as lead, cadmium, chromium and in combination (Pb +Cr), (Cr+Cd), (Cd+Pb) and (Pb+Cr+Cd) mixture were determined in-term of 96-h LC50 and lethal doses for Labeo rohita. After assessment of acute toxicity, all the fish were exposed to three sub-lethal concentrations (5, 7 and 9%) of heavy metals alone and in combinations for a period of 30 days in triplicate experiments.Results: Different clinical ailments like, increased surface breathing, loss of coordination, rapid opercular movement, erratic swimming, air gulping, jerking movement and tremors were noted in fish. Histopathological observations of gills of various fish exhibited severe microscopic alterations. Results on micronucleus assay exhibited increased frequency of formation of micronuclei in red blood cells, while comet assays showed significantly increased DNA damage in peripheral erythrocytes in-term of arbitrary units of comets, average percentile rate of damaged cell and genomic damage index.Conclusion: From the results of our experimental study, it can be concluded that fresh water fish are useful and reliable bio-indicators of heavy metal toxicity. Micronucleus and comet assays showed that heavy metals alone and in combination induced DNA damage in fish.Keywords: Labeo rohita; Heavy metals; Histopathology; Erythrocytes; DNA damag
Growth Performance of fish by insect feed
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of using insect-based fish feed on the
growth of Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp). A meal in powder form was produced using the
larvae of blowflies. The mixture contained either 20% or 40% larvae, combined with
conventional ingredients. The fish fingerlings were divided into three groups and fed with this
formulated feed for 10 weeks, while ensuring the physio-chemical parameters were within the
optimum range. The study measured various growth parameters such as mortality rate, feed
conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), length, and weight. The results showed that
the fish diet based on insects greatly accelerated growth, with the group fed with 40% maggot
meal growing to the largest size and length. While the group fed with 20% maggot meal also
demonstrated an increased growth rate, the FCR was highest in the group fed with 40% maggot
meal. Additionally, the group fed with maggot meal had a lower mortality rate. This study report
investigates the use of prepared aquatic feeds containing meals from five different insect species.
The study concludes that, although insect-based diets show promise as an alternative to
inexpensive and unappetizing fish meals, further experimentation with different compositions of
insect-based diets is needed in order to achieve optimal results. It is likely that the extensive
raising and processing of insects for use as a component of fish feed will benefit aquaculture's
viability and profitability in the years to come."
Survival potential and assessment of deformities in embryo and larvae of Chinese carps (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Ctenopharyngodon idella) under acute exposure of cadmium and nickel
ABSTRACTThe effects of cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) toxicity on embryonic and larval development of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Ctenopharyngodon idella was determined. Different concentrations (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/l) of Cd and Ni were administered in separate trials to the fish after spawning to 168 h post-hatching (hph) period. Cd was more toxic to the embryos of both fish, as highest embryonic mortality (%) of H. molitrix and C. idella was observed. However, Ni was found to be more toxic to the larvae of H. molitrix and C. Idella with highest larval mortality at 168 hph. However, Ni was found to be more toxic to the larvae of H. molitrix and C. idella with highest larval mortality at 168 hph. The study found a significant effect of heavy metal and metal concentration for causing deformities in H. molitrix. However, in C. idella only the effect of metal concentration on fish deformities was significant. Furthermore, Ni was found to cause more deformities as compared to Cd in H. molitrix. While Cd was found to cause more deformities as compared to Ni in C. idella. In conclusion, the study suggests that Cd and Ni may cause serious deformities in fish
Effects of supplemental phytase on growth, nutrient digestibility and anti-oxidant enzyme activity in the gills of juvenile mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton 1882) fed distillers dried grains with soluble based diets
ABSTRACTA 90-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase supplemented Distiller’s Dried Grains with Soluble (DDGS) based diet on the production performance, tissue composition, nutrient digestibility and activity of anti-oxidant enzymes in the gills of mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) juveniles. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain increasing levels of supplemental phytase, 0 (D1), 250 (D2), 500 (D3), 750 (D4), 1000 (D5), and 1250 (D6) phytase (FTU/kg). Each experimental diet was randomly assigned and fed three times daily to triplicate groups of 180 fish. Significant increase in body weight gain and specific growth rate, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios of groups fed up to 750 FTU/kg were observed. Broken line analysis of Specific Growth Rate showed that the optimal dietary phytase level of mrigal juveniles is 750 FTU /kg or higher than this dose. Results among protein, lipid, moisture, ash and P contents of whole body, muscle, liver and viscera were not significantly different as phytase level increased from 250 FTU/kg to 1250 FTU/kg (D2 to D6). It was concluded that phytase at the rate of 750 FTU /kg is the optimum dose for the enhanced growth in juvenile mrigal
A Comprehensive Review on Metallic Trace Elements Toxicity in Fishes and Potential Remedial Measures
Metallic trace elements toxicity has been associated with a wide range of morphological abnormalities in fish, both in natural aquatic ecosystems and controlled environments. The bioaccumulation of metallic trace elements can have devastating effects on several aspects of fish health, encompassing physiological, reproductive, behavioural, and developmental functions. Considering the significant risks posed by metallic trace elements-induced toxicity to fish populations, this review aims to investigate the deleterious effects of prevalent metallic trace elements toxicants, such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and copper (Cu), on the neurological, reproductive, embryonic, and tissue systems of fish. Employing diverse search engines and relevant keywords, an extensive review of in vitro and in vivo studies pertaining to metallic trace elements toxicity and its adverse consequences on fish and their organs was conducted. The findings indicate that Cd was the most prevalent metallic trace elements in aquatic environments, exerting the most severe impacts on various fish organs and systems, followed by Cu and Pb. Moreover, it was observed that different metals exhibited varying degrees and types of effects on fish. Given the profound adverse effects of metallic trace elements contamination in water, immediate measures need to be taken to mitigate water pollution stemming from the discharge of waste containing metallic trace elements from agricultural, industrial, and domestic water usage. This study also compares the most common methods for treating metallic trace elements contamination in water