‘Travelers of unknown path’: on the aim of Islamic Education

The battle over how to defend the Muslim Ummah and especially youth from modern science and its philosophy has ended up in a dilemma of unsolved misery. On the one hand the rational spirit of the west was blamed as having adulterated Muslim society. However, on the other hand, the long-established way of Muslim education was called in the court of ‘reason’. The allegations of the west became the vehicle for Muslims to criticize their own educational philosophy and re-evaluate it in order to defend it against these onslaughts. It would be biased to call the same reasoning as good for one philosophy but bad for another, the secret paradox. As a result of the above, there was a flood of literature to define what should be the Islamic concept of education which was more as defensive stance than an exercise of pure reason. It is claimed that till now, there is no final answer to the `product’ of Islamic education which can be presented as an alternative to the secular product of `good citizen’. Neither in the name of philosophy nor in terms of a practical framework, have Islamic scholars envisioned a clear product. Thus, until present, the reasoning to define the `aim’ of Islamic education is incoherent and varies in degrees. This article therefore will address these incoherencies in three stages. Firstly, it sketches a cursory view of the initial centuries of Islam where a strange combination of reason and revelation lead to a variant product of Islamic education which was used to establish a premise. Secondly, based on the previous premise, the 19-20th century was analysed by considering three well-known philosophers in order to see the degree of achievements both philosophically and practically. The results from this stage produced once again broad variations in the concept of education. Thirdly, based on the outcomes of the first two stages contrast analysis was done in order to discuss the reasons for lack of and future work to consequently define a true product of Islamic education

Five-Year Analysis of Measured and Calculated Dose Rates from Co60 Teletherapy Machine at Centre for Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (CENAR) Quetta, Pakistan: A Comprehensive Assessment

This study assesses the dosimetry of a Cobalt-60 (Co60) teletherapy unit at the Centre for Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (CENAR), Quetta, to ensure consistent radiation doses for cancer management. Dosimetry measurements were compared against expected outputs derived from the International Atomic Energy Agency's TRS-398 protocol and decay calculations. The current investigation demonstrates uniformity in average output (dose rate) between the actual dosimetry values and the anticipated output values obtained through the International Atomic Energy Agency's TRS-398 (2000) protocol and decay method respectively. The actual dosimetry values fall within a range of ±2% of the estimated values. The difference in measurements acquired through the two approaches falls within acceptable limits as per recommended protocols. Consequently, our study reveals a steady pattern in dose rate, ensuring improved patient dose distribution and minimizing the risk of over or under-dosage

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND LIFESTYLE RELATED RISK FACTORS OF BREAST CANCER AMONG DIFFERENT AGE AND ETHNIC GROUPS

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most frequent and leading cause of malignancies in females globally. In Pakistan, breast cancer is most frequently found in younger individuals and late stage presentation is the key feature for clinical diagnosis. Numbers of genetic factors are reported to be significantly associated with the manifestation of breast cancer. A number of factors including gender, age, genetic predisposition, familial vertical history, ethnicity and life style eventually leading to the development of the cancer. Therefore, we identified the role of biochemical characteristics of all participants in the development of breast cancer. 50 breast cancer patients were enrolled in this study. A written informed consent was taken from each of the patients prior to data collection through questionnaire. People belonging to different ethnic groups: Pashtoon was found to be the highest noteworthy figure of breast cancer patients with an overall of 14 (28%) followed by Afghani ethnic group with 7 (14%), Baloch 15 (30%), Hazara 8 (16%), Punjabi 3 (6%) and Sindhi 3 (6%). Key words: Breast cancer, Ethnic groups, Cenar Hospital, Balochistan

An overview root canal treatment, roles of nursing and pharmacist in pain management

Endodontic treatment involves the comprehensive care of symptoms before, during, and after the procedure, including the occurrence of post-operative endodontic discomfort, which can potentially become a chronic consequence. Post-operative pain is a frequent occurrence after surgery and is difficult to prevent. It has multiple causes and may be related to the acute inflammation of the area around the tooth\u27s root, which can be caused by chemical, mechanical, host, or microbial damage during endodontic therapy. The key aspects of nursing during canal obturation encompass the implementation of aseptic technique, proficient coordination, effective instrument management, and clear communication between nurses and patients. Presented here are questions from patients on analgesic pharmacology, along with corresponding responses. The purpose is to educate patients and empower them to be more effective advocates for themselves. This study discusses the various methods by which pharmacists contribute to pain treatment and ensure the safety of prescribed drugs

Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: A greenhouse trial.

An in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate the compatibility of indigenous plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with commonly used inorganic and organic sources of fertilizers in tea plantations. The nitrogenous, phosphatic and potash fertilizers used for this study were urea, rock phosphate and muriate of potash, respectively. The organic sources of fertilizers neem cake, composted coir pith and vermicompost were also used. PGPRs such as nitrogen fixer; Azospirillum lipoferum, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB); Pseudomonas putida, Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria (KSB); Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas putida were used for compatibility study. Results were indicated that PGPRs preferred the coir pith and they proved their higher colony establishment in the formulation except Azospirillum spp. that preferred vermicompost for their establishment. The optimum dose of neem cake powder

Drug utilization patterns in the global context: A systematic review

Objectives Standard drug use indicators have been developed by the World Health Organization/International Network for Rational Use of Drugs (WHO/INRUD). The purpose of this systematic review was to examine and report the current status of health facilities in different regions of the world in terms of drug use based on WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators. Design Systematic review of the literature following PRISMA guidelines. Methods The INRUD bibliography, WHO archives, Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect and Management Sciences for Health (MSH) resource databases were searched between 1985 and 2015 for studies -containing 12 WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators. Secondary data sources were also searched. Results Four hundred and sixty three studies were retrieved and 398 were excluded as they did not provide relevant information or fulfill the selection criteria. Sixty articles met the criteria and were selected for final review. With respect to prescribing indicators, studies of “drug use” showed mixed patterns across geographic regions. Overall trends in “patient-care” and “facility-specific” indicators were similar across most of the World Bank regions. However, based on the Index of Rational Drug Use (IRDU) values, East Asia and the Pacific region demonstrated relatively better drug use practices compared with other regions. Conclusions This systematic review revealed that the drug use practices in all regions of the world are suboptimal. A regulated, multi-disciplinary, national body with adequate funding provided by governments throughout the world are a basic requirement for coordination of activities and services, to improve the rational use of drugs at a local level

The prophecy of green Arabia and the possibility of miracle: a refutation of David Hume’s theory of no miracle

Despite the claim of scientific methodology to avoid revelation as a source of knowledge, the revelation inherently is science-friendly, and for some cases, the torchbearer unveils the mysteries of this universe. Hence, it can surely benefit the natural sciences particularly and humanity in general; and there are numerous apodictic connecting the revelation and the universe. However, western scholars, specifically David Hume denied altogether such relation that amplifies his argument to no miracle fantasy. This article attempts to analyse one of the prophecies of Prophet of Islam Muhammad (Øal Allah-u-‘alaihe wa sallam), regarding an ancient event that fixed the course of earth’s behaviour and hence further aggrandizes the deep democracy working beneath the verses and natural laws. This prophecy, according to ×adÊth claims to engage with the ecological changes occurred in the Arabian Peninsula in the ancient time and unveils that Arabian Peninsula will become green again with rivers flowing abundantly. It signifies that Arabia was green and will return to its previous state of greenery in the future. At first, this research narrates and explains the ×adÊth in detail followed by an exposition of David Hume’s no miracle theory based on testimonies. The arguments have been presented to support the idea of a green Arabia in the past and how it will regain its greenery by considering scientific facts so far. It became apparent that, while considering the ice and warm ages along with abundant natural resources, the ×adÊth is proven. It led to the complete denial of David Humes’s no miracle theory according to his definition of testimonies. Therefore, this paper established two important aims, at first, it breaks the conventional framework of Western scholarship that did toil attempts to alienate revelation as a source of knowledge. Second; for the first time it brings such a ×adÊth and contextualizes it with scientific facts, besides providing answers of the implications. Moreover, how the revelation describes the process of earth-in-making through ecological changes of millions of years. Hence, the Miracle is a part of natural law

A novel critique on ‘The scientific miracle of Qur’an philosophy’: an inter-civilization debate

In recent decades we have been given one of the most interesting concepts in Islamic intellectual history, `the scientific miracle of Qur’an whereby the proponents have almost established the scientific theories in the Qur’an. However, such ardent claims must not come to be without any inspiration and methodology. This article, firstly, tries to trace the inspiration of such concept and then describe the methodology. However, as exciting as this concept seems, the methodology brings forth a very negative approach to prove the miracle of the Qur’an, which is value free. That negative value free mentality which is related to the status of prophet of Islam will be exposed and it will detail how the status of prophet of Islam was abated so badly to prove the science from the Qur’an. To counter this negative narrative and to reveal the true status of prophet of Islam, arguments will be presented from the Qur’an and Ḥadith which are incontrovertible. Let it be known than, this analysis is not general but particular. However, it will be a novel critique to re-visit this concept

Atomic Ordering Behavior of CoTi Alloy with Addition of Transition Metals

The statistical-thermodynamic theory of ordering and electronic theory of ordering in the pseudo-potential approximation was used to study the influence of ternary addition of some transition metals on the atomic ordering behavior of Co0.5(Ti1-xMx)0.5 alloys with M = Fe, Pt, re, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Ag, Hf or Au up to a concentration of 1 at.%. The partial ordering energies, order-disorder phase transformation temperatures and partial short range order parameters have been calculated for these alloys. The analysis shows that the impurity elements in Co0.5(Ti1-xMx)0.5 alloys can be divided into two main groups on the basis of lattice site occupancy i.e. M = V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Zr, Ag, Hf and Au mainly substitute for Co sublattice sites whereas M = Fe, Ni, Pt or re mainly substitute for Ti sublattice sites. Further, the order-disorder transformation temperatures were found to either increase or remain nearly unchanged by the addition of ternary impurities in the CoTi alloy depending on the absolute value of the partial ordering energies. Alloys of Ti with V, Cr, mn, Cu, Zn, Zr, Ag, Hf or Au in place of Co and alloys of Co with Fe, Ni, Pt or Re in place of Ti can be predicted for future. The results of the present analysis are in good agreement with the available experimental data on these alloys

FUTURE OF M-COMMERCE SERVICES IN INDIA

Purpose: Use of mobile phone has increased so much that it is not just a device to make calls, but an important medium to fulfill all the financial needs for friends and family. Now, mobile phone technology has made another leapfrog to pave its way for a new trend called mobile commerce where the financial transactions are made using mobile devices. This paper gives the overview of future of m-commerce services in India and discusses the future growth segment in India’s m-commerce. Also find various factors that would essential growth of Indian m-commerce services. In this paper we will found m-commerce exponential growth of m-commerce services in coming years in emerging market of India. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: The Present paper is qualitative and based on secondary data collected from various sources like books newspaper management journal and internet. Findings : Mobile commerce is going to play a major role in mpaymet conducting business in future. Future of m-commerce services is very difficult to predict. With heated competition in markets, different mpaymet strategies, and more customer awareness give a boost to mobile commerce services growth. Limitation : Present research paper is qualitative in nature and based on secondary data: research could be more authenticated if it would have been based of primary data. Practical application :This paper can inspire the consumer, retailer and experts of their field bringing certain change in mpaymet services for better future. Originality/ values : This paper includes practical mpayment services in India and future upcoming trends of mpayment services. This will promote interesting contributions in M-commerce research