Yoksullukla Mücadelede Sosyal Güvenlik Harcamalarının Analizi

Sübjektif niteliği dolayısıyla farklı şekillerde ifade edilen yoksulluk kavramı betimsel açıdan, kabul edilebilir asgari yaşam standardını sürdürmekteki yetersizlik olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bu haliyle bakıldığında dünya nüfusunun önemli bir kısmı yoksulluk kavramının ifade ettiği sınırlar içinde yaşamını sürdürmektedir. 2020 yılı ile birlikte dünya genelinde ortaya çıkan KOVİD-19 pandemi süreci yoksulluk olarak ifade edilen kavramla küresel mücadelenin önemini tüm dünyanın gözleri önüne sermiştir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde dahi ortaya çıkan sağlık sektörüne yönelik eksiklikler yoksul ülkelerde insanlık adına tarihe not düşülmesi gereken bir durum almıştır. Oysaki; paternalist bir yaklaşımla hareket etmesi gereken devletler vatandaşlarının gelecek yaşamlarının garanti altına alınmasına yönelik tedbirleri almakla yükümlüdürler. Bu noktada kişileri ileride karşılaşacakları risklere karşı koruması bakımından sosyal güvenlik sistemleri etkin bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu bağlamda ülkemizde de yoksulluğun azaltılabilmesi için sosyal güvenlik sistemine son dönemde reform niteliğinde önemli uygulamalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ülkemizde yoksullukla mücadelede sosyal güvelik harcamalarına yönelik politika önerisi amacıyla 2010-2017 dönemine ait 32 ülkenin veri setinde sosyal güvenlik harcamalarının gayri safi yurt içi hasıla içindeki oranı, gini katsayısı, istihdam, kişi başına düşen milli gelir ile maddi yoksunluk arasındaki ilişki ele alınmış olup veriler Panel Veri Analiz Sistemi’nde incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak kamu bütçesinden sosyal güvenlik sistemine ayrılan payın arttırılmasının yoksullukla mücadelede önemli bir araç olduğu görülmüştür. Ancak sosyal güvenlik sisteminin yalnız kamu bütçesinden beslenmesi kamu ekonomisi açısından sürdürülebilir bir politika değildir. Bu nedenle kendi kendini destekleyen ve sürdürülebilir yeterlik seviyesine sahip bir sosyal güvenlik sisteminin kurulmasının önemli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır

THE USE OF COATINGS FOR HOT CORROSION AND EROSION PROTECTION IN TURBINE HOT SECTION COMPONENTS

High pressure turbine components are subjected to a wide variety of thermal and mechanical loading during service. In addition, the components are exposed to a highly oxidizing atmosphere which may contain contaminants such as sulphates, chlorides and sulphuorous gases along with erosive media. So the variety of surface coatings and deposition processes available for the protection of blade and vane components in gas turbines are summarised in this study. Coating types range from simple diffusion aluminides to modified aluminides and a CoCrAlY overlayer. The recommendations for corrosion-resistant coatings (for low temperature and high temperature hot corrosion environments) are as follows: silicon aluminide and platinumchromium aluminide for different gas turbine section superalloys substrates. Platinum metal additions are used to improve the properties of coatings on turbine components. Inorganic coatings based on ceramic films which contain aluminium or aluminium and silicon are very effective in engines and gas turbines. Diffusion, overlayer and thermal barrier coatings which are deposited on superalloys gas turbine components by pack cementation, plasma spraying processes and a number of chemical vapour deposition, physical vapour deposition processes (such as electron beam, sputtering, ion plating) are described. The principles underlying the development of protective coatings serve as a useful guide in the choice of coatings for other high temperature applications

The Safety Of Potentıal Probıotıc Enterococcus Faecıum Bacterıa

Çevresel bir epidemiyolojiye sahip olan Enterococcus faecium suşları, insanlarda nozokomiyal enfeksiyonlarda çok önemli bir problem olarak görülmelerinden dolayı probiyotik olarak önerilebilmeleri için virülans ve direnç genleri içermemeleri gerekmektedir. Tez çalışmasında Türkiye ve İran’ ın farklı bölgelerinde üretilen beyaz peynirlerden izole edilen toplam 20 Enterococcus faecium suşlarının probiyotik olarak kullanılabilme güvenilirliğinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla, bakterilerin disk difüzyon yöntemiyle 10 antibiyotiğe duyarlılıkları, jelatinaz ve sitolizin üretim yetenekleri ve biyofilm oluşturma yetenekleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, vankomisin direnç genleri (van A ve van B) ve virülans faktörlere (gelE, cylA, cylB, esp, agg ve asa1, efaAfm, cob, ccf, hyl) ait genler Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) ile araştırılmış ve genlerin varlığı sekans analizi ile doğrulanmıştır. Son olarak vankomisin direnç ve virülans genlerin plazmid aracılığı ile aktarılabilme olasılığından dolayı bakterilerin plazmid DNA’ları araştırılmıştır. Bakterilerin disk difüzyon yöntemiyle belirlenen antibiyotik duyarlılıkları sonucunda vankomisin, penisilin-G, ampisilin, kloramfenikol’e %100 duyarlı, gentamisin ve polimiksin B antibiyotiklerine %100 dirençli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra tetrasiklin’e %95, eritromisin’e %61 duyarlı, ofloksasin’e %81 ve rifampisin’e %52 dirençli olduğu görülmüştür. Fenotipik olarak suşların hiçbirisinde jelatinaz, hemolitik aktiviteye bağlı β hemoliz ve biyofilm yapısı gözlenmemiştir. Bakterilerde direnç genlerini bulundurma oranı van A geninde %5, van B geninde %60 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Virülans genler ise efaAfm %95, cob %85, ccf %45, gelE %40, asa1 %20, esp %20, hyl %10 ve agg %5 olarak belirlenmiştir. Suşların hiçbirisinde cob ve ccf genlerine ve plazmid varlığına rastlanmamıştır. Enterokokların probiyotik olarak önerilebilmeleri için virülans genlere sahip olup olmadığının belirlenmesi gerektiği kanısına varılmıştır.Enterococcus faecium strains, which have an environmental epidemiology, should not contain virulence and resistance genes in order to be probiotic as they are seen as a very important problem in human nosocomial infections. In this thesis, it is aimed to determine the reliability of 20 Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from feta produced in different regions where Turkey and Iran can be used as probiotics. For this purpose, the susceptibility of bacteria to 10 antibiotics by disc diffusion method, the production capabilities of gelatinase and cytolysin and their ability to form biofilms were determined. In addition, vancomycin resistance genes (van A and van B) and virulence factors (gelE, cylA, cylB, esp, agg and asa1, efaAfm, cob, ccf, hyl) genes were investigated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the presence of genes sequence analysis. Finally, plasmid DNAs of bacteria were investigated due to the possibility of vancomycin resistance and virulence genes to be transferred by plasmid. As a result of antibiotic susceptibility determined by disc diffusion method, bacteria were found to be 100% sensitive to vancomycin, penicillin-G, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and 100% resistant to gentamicin and polymyxin B antibiotics. In addition, it was found to be 95% sensitive to tetracycline, 61% sensitive to erythromycin, 81% resistant to ofloxacin and 52% resistant to rifampicin. Phenotypically, none of the strains showed gelatinase, β hemolysis and biofilm structure due to hemolytic activity. Resistance genes were found to be 5% in the van A gene and 60% in the van B gene bacterias. Virulence genes were determined 95%, cob 85%, ccf 45%, gelE 40%, asa1 20%, esp 20%, hyl 10% and agg 5%. Cob and ccf genes and plasmids were not detected in any of the strains. İt is necessary to determine whether there are virulence genes for enterococci to be recommended as probiotics.

High temperature abrasion behaviour of Al/SiCP composites

In this study, high temperature wear behaviour of commercially pure Al matrix and Al-8 wt.% Mg alloy matrix composites reinforced with 60 vol.% SiCp were compared. Composites were produced by pressure infiltration technique and their tribological performance were examined by abrasive wear tests at various temperatures up to 500 °C. Wear tests were carried out under normal stress of 0.7 N/mm2 by rubbing on 125 µm Al2O3 abrasive grains bonded to belts. At all testing temperatures, the Al-8 wt.% Mg alloy matrix composite exhibited lower wear rate than that of pure Al matrix composite. Wear rates of the composites were almost independent from test temperatures up to 200 °C. At temperatures higher than 200 °C, the wear rate of both composites increased dramatically with increasing test temperature

Effect of the particle size on the mechanical properties of 60 vol. % SiCp reinforced Al matrix composites

WOS: 000175664000013The effect of the reinforcing particle size on the mechanical properties of 60 vol.% SiC reinforced aluminium matrix composites produced by the pressure infiltration technique was examined by compression, impact and wear tests. The compression strength and the impact resistance decreased with increasing reinforcing particle size. The composites exhibited different abrasion behaviour depending on the size of abrasive Al2O3 grains. On fine abrasive Al2O3 grains (85 mum), the abrasion resistance increased with increasing reinforcing SiC particle size. The contrary result was obtained on coarse abrasive Al2O3 grains (250 mum). The wear tests conducted on M2 quality tool steel revealed that reinforcing of aluminium with coarse SiC particles has a very beneficial effect on the wear resistance with respect to fine reinforcing SiC particles

The effect of alloying elements (Si and Mg) on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-60 % SiC composites produced by gas pressure infiltration technique

TMS, Mater. Proces. and Manufact. Div. Solidific. Commit.;TMS, Struct. Mater. Div. Composite Mater. Commitee2006 TMS Annual Meeting -- 12 March 2006 through 16 March 2006 -- San Antonio, TX -- 67288This study provides a brief overview of effects of alloying elements (Mg and Si) on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-60 % SiC composites, produced by gas pressure inflitration technigue. Upon addition of Mg and Si, the matrix hardness increases due to precipitation of intermetalics such as Al4C3, Si and Mg2Si. As an alloying element, the contribution of Mg to overall mechanical properties of the composite is higher than that of Si. If toughness is considered along with strength, the Mg content of the matrix should be less than 2 %, to obtain optimum mechanical properties from the 60%SiC particle reinforced Al matrix composites

Abrasive wear behavior and mechanical properties of Al-Si/SiC composites

In this study, the effect of Si addition up to 8% Si on the abrasive wear and mechanical properties of Al-Si/60 vol.% SiC composites produced by pressure infiltration technique has been investigated. Optimum properties in terms of improved strength and abrasion resistance without significant loss in toughness were obtained when the matrix alloy contained 1% Si. At Si contents higher than 1%, dramatic decrease of toughness was accompanied a reduction in strength and abrasion resistance. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Wpływ obróbki cieplnej na korozje stopów AA6063 zawierajacych Al.₃Ti

The purpose of this study is to analyse the microstructure and corrosion properties of homogenised and aged AA 6063 aluminium alloys, containing up to 2% Ti, after the conventional casting technique. The microstructure of the homogenised and aged alloys was examined using an optic microscope, and scanning electron microscope. The micro-hardness test was used for the hardness measurements of the investigated alloys. Corrosion tests were performed by suspending samples of certain sizes into 30 gr/l NaCl + 10 ml/l HCl solutions, measuring the mass loss; potentiodynamic polarisation measurements were carried out in the same solution. The microstructure characterization of the investigated alloys shows the Al (matrix), non-shaped dark globular grey-coloured phase and rod-shaped phases formed at the grain boundaries. The non-shaped dark grey-coloured phase is Mg2Si. The rod-shaped phase, formed in the microstructure of the Ti-added AA 6063 alloys, is Al3Ti. The Ti content of the alloy increases, the Al3Ti phase tends to elongate and become plated. The results of the corrosion tests proved that the corrosion rate decreased in alloys containing less than 1% Ti, and the rate of corrosion increased in alloys containing more than 1% Ti, regardless of whether the alloys were homogenised and aged. Another observation was that aging heat treatment improved corrosion resistance.Celem niniejszej pracy jest analiza mikrostruktury i właściwości korozyjnych poddanych obróbce cieplnej stopów aluminium AA 6063, zawierających do 2% Ti, po odlewaniu konwencjonalnym. Mikrostrukturę homogenizowanych stopów zbadano za pomocą mikroskopii optycznej i skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej. Test mikrotwardości zastosowano do pomiaru twardości badanych stopów. Badania korozyjne przeprowadzono poprzez zawieszenie próbki o określonych rozmiarach w roztworze 30 gr/l NaCl + 10 ml/l HCl i pomiar ubytku masy; pomiary potencjo-dynamicznej polaryzacji zostały przeprowadzone w tym samym roztworze. Charakterystyka mikrostruktury badanych stopów pokazuje matryce Al; ciemnoszare, nieregularne wydzielenia fazy Mg2Si; oraz na granicach ziaren pręcikowe wydzielenia fazy Al3Ti, obecne w mikrostrukturze stopów AA 6063 z dodatkiem Ti. Ze wzrostem zawartości Ti, wydzielenia fazy Al2Ti stają się wydłużone i płytkowe. Wyniki testów korozyjnych wykazały, że szybkość korozji spadła w stopach zawierających mniej niż 1% Ti, a wzrosła w stopach zawierających więcej niż 1% Ti, niezależnie od tego, czy stopy były homogenizowane i starzone. Zaobserwowano, że obróbka cieplna podwyższa odporność stopów na korozję

Mechanical properties of Al-60 pct SiCp composites alloyed with Mg

In the present work, the effect of an Mg addition on the mechanical properties of the Al-60 vol pct SiCp composites were investigated by uniaxial compression, three-point bending, impact and wear tests (composite-metal and composite-abrasive types). The composites were produced by the pressure-infiltration technique. The composition of the Al matrix was varied between 0 and 8 pct Mg. The mean diameter of the SiC particles was 23 µm. Upon addition of Mg, Mg 2 Si precipitated in the matrix and the amount of the porosity dramatically decreased. Mg-alloyed-matrix composites exhibited higher strength, lower toughness, and higher wear resistance than pure-Al-matrix composites. During composite-metal wear testing, wear progressed in two sequential periods (running-in and steady state). Weight loss during wear testing decreased with increasing Mg content of the matrix. The degree of improvement of abrasive resistance depended on the abrasive-grain size. Above 200 °C, the composite-abrasive wear resistance decreased with increasing test temperature for all materials