Dynamics of cold pulses induced by super-sonic molecular beam injection in the EAST tokamak

Evolution of electron temperature, electron density and its fluctuation with high spatial and temporal resolutions are presented for the cold pulse propagation induced by super-sonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) in ohmic plasmas in the EAST tokamak. The non-local heat transport occurs for discharges with plasma current $I_p$=450 kA ($q_{95}\sim5.55$), and electron density $n_{e0}$ below a critical value of $(1.35\pm0.25)\times10^{19}~\mathrm{m^{-3}}$. In contrary to the response of core electron temperature and electron density (roughly 10 ms after SMBI), the electron density fluctuation in the plasma core increases promptly after SMBI and reaches its maximum around 15 ms after SMBI. The electron density fluctuation in the plasma core begins to decrease before the core electron temperature reaches its maximum (roughly 30 ms). It was also observed that the turbulence perpendicular velocity close to the inversion point of the temperature perturbation changes sign after SMBI

Skin fluorescence as a clinical tool for non-invasive assessment of advanced glycation and long-term complications of diabetes

Glycation is important in the development of complications of diabetes mellitus and may have a central role in the well-described glycaemic memory effect in developing these complications. Skin fluorescence has emerged over the last decade as a non-invasive method for assessing accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts. Skin fluorescence is independently related to micro- and macrovascular complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and is associated with mortality in type 2 diabetes. The relation between skin fluorescence and cardiovascular disease also extends to other conditions with increased tissue AGE levels, such as renal failure. Besides cardiovascular complications, skin fluorescence has been associated, more recently, with other prevalent conditions in diabetes, such as brain atrophy and depression. Furthermore, skin fluorescence is related to past long-term glycaemic control and clinical markers of cardiovascular disease. This review will discuss the technique of skin fluorescence, its validation as a marker of tissue AGE accumulation, and its use as a clinical tool for the prediction of long-term complications in diabetes mellitus

Overview of the ECE measurements on EAST

Radiometer systems and a Michelson interferometer, have been operated routinely to detect the elec-tron cyclotron emission (ECE) from EAST plasmas for diagnosing the local electron temperature. A common quasi-optical antenna placed inside the vacuum vessel is employed to collect and focus the plasma emission, and the line of sight is along a radial chord. All of the systems are located in a diagnostic room where the plasma emission is transmitted by overmoded corrugated waveguide. In-situ absolute intensity calibration has been carried out for both the radiometer systems and the Michelson interferometer independently, to ensure that the ECE diagnostic provides an independent electron temperature measurement. In order to diagnose the small-amplitude electron temperature fluctuation, a correlation ECE (CECE) diagnostic has been designed and commissioned recently. The CECE diagnostic employs an independent antenna system which has improved poloidal resolution. A synthetic diagnostic is realized by using the simulation code SPECE to interpret the ECE data in plasmas with non-Maxwellian distribution, and preliminary results imply that the ECE data could be still useful as a localized measurement in plasmas with non-thermal electrons, such as the LHW-heated plasmas on EAST

Overview of the ECE measurements on EAST

Radiometer systems and a Michelson interferometer, have been operated routinely to detect the elec-tron cyclotron emission (ECE) from EAST plasmas for diagnosing the local electron temperature. A common quasi-optical antenna placed inside the vacuum vessel is employed to collect and focus the plasma emission, and the line of sight is along a radial chord. All of the systems are located in a diagnostic room where the plasma emission is transmitted by overmoded corrugated waveguide. In-situ absolute intensity calibration has been carried out for both the radiometer systems and the Michelson interferometer independently, to ensure that the ECE diagnostic provides an independent electron temperature measurement. In order to diagnose the small-amplitude electron temperature fluctuation, a correlation ECE (CECE) diagnostic has been designed and commissioned recently. The CECE diagnostic employs an independent antenna system which has improved poloidal resolution. A synthetic diagnostic is realized by using the simulation code SPECE to interpret the ECE data in plasmas with non-Maxwellian distribution, and preliminary results imply that the ECE data could be still useful as a localized measurement in plasmas with non-thermal electrons, such as the LHW-heated plasmas on EAST