Conocimiento tradicional sobre el uso y conservación del tequelite chico en Chipahuatlan, Olintla, Puebla.

The small tequelite (Peperomia peltilimba C. DC. ex Trelease) is a wild plant, native to Mexico, considered vulnerable to extinction. The aim of this study was to document knowledge and attitudes towards conservation and use of the small tequelite in the Totonac community of Chipahuatlan, Olintla, in the state of Puebla (Mexico). 53 semi-structured interviews were applied to a sample of the population; the number of families was considered to be representative. The interview consisted of the following sections; knowledge about the species, conservation, commercialization, uses and benefits. We explored the natural habitat of the species to document accompanying flora and fauna. Results indicated that the stems and leaves of the small tequelite are used to prepare traditional foods such as mole (sauce), broths, tamales, and boiled beans; with or without sesame seeds. The species is obtained from its natural habitat and in local markets, although some families grow plants in their home gardens. Traditional knowledge about the small tequelite relates to flora and fauna; only the most developed plants are used and those with buds or inflorescences are preserved. We discovered interest in conserving this resource because of its cultural and economic importance; although its commercial value is low, it offers additional income for families, who are dedicated to its collection. These results summarize Totonac knowledge and the perception they have regarding the conservation and use of small tequelite.El tequelite chico (Peperomia peltilimba C. DC. ex Trelease) es una planta nativa y silvestre de México, considerada vulnerable a la extinción. El objetivo de este estudio fue documentar el conocimiento y la percepción sobre la conservación y el uso del tequelite chico en la comunidad totonaca de Chipahuatlan, Olintla, en el estado de Puebla (México). Se aplicaron 53 entrevistas semiestructuradas a una muestra representativa de la población; se consideró como universo al número de familias. La entrevista estuvo conformada por las secciones, conocimiento de la especie, conservación, comercialización, usos y beneficios. Se realizaron recorridos en el hábitat natural de la especie para documentar flora y fauna acompañantes. Los resultados indicaron que los tallos y hojas del tequelite chico se utilizan para la elaboración de alimentos tradicionales como mole, caldos, tamales y frijoles hervidos con o sin ajonjolí. La especie se obtiene a través de su hábitat natural y en tianguis locales, aunque algunas familias tienen plantas en sus traspatios. Los conocimientos tradicionales sobre el tequelite chico están relacionados con la flora y la fauna, se aprovechan solo las plantas más desarrolladas y se conservan las que presentan brotes o inflorescencias. Se identificó interés por conservar este recurso debido a su importancia cultural y económica; aunque su valor comercial es bajo, representa un ingreso adicional para las familias que se dedican a su recolección. Estos resultados son una aproximación al conocimiento totonaca y su percepción en torno a la conservación y el aprovechamiento del tequelite chico

Practices and perceptions of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) and striped grass looper (Mocis latipes Guenée) management in maize

Objective: To describe the practices and perception of the management of fall armyworm and striped grass looper in corn cultivation, in La Pahua, Francisco. Z. Mena, Puebla.  Design/methodology/approach: The study was descriptive, for which a probabilistic sampling was carried out. 79 semi-structured interviews were conducted during april to june 2021. Results: The management of fall armyworm and striped grass looper is carried out through the application of synthetic insecticides, predominating chlorpyrifos ethyl (81 %). The population is unaware of the damage they cause to health in the short, medium and long term, which is reflect-ed in the minimum use of protective equipment in the application (75%), however, there is interest in receiving technical advice (56%) and open-ness to use alternatives such as the use of traps (1%) and plant extracts (66%). Limitations on study/implications: It is a particular case study therefore the results are limited to establishing descriptive statements of the study area. Findings/conclusions: The control of fall armyworm and striped grass looper is done through chemical control formulated from chlorpyrifos Ethyl alone or combined with permethrin and without proper protective equipment. The population showed interest in incorporating other alternatives to the management of synthetic insecticides, highlighting the use of plant extracts and traps respectively.Objective: To describe practices and perceptions about the fall armyworm and striped grass looper management in maize crops in La Pahua, Francisco Z. Mena, Puebla. Design/Methodology/Approach: A descriptive study with probability sampling was performed. From April to June 2021, n=79 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Results: The management of the fall armyworm and striped grass looper is carried out through the application of synthetic insecticides, mainly chlorpyrifos ethyl (81%). The minimal use of personal protective equipment for its application (75%) reflects the lack of knowledge of the population about health risks in the short, medium, and long term; however, producers are interested in receiving technical advice (56%) and are open to the use of alternatives, such as the use of traps (1%) and plant extracts (66%). Study Limitations/Implications: This is a specific case study; therefore, the results are limited to descriptive statements about the study area. Findings/Conclusions: The fall armyworm and striped grass looper are controlled with chemicals formulated with chlorpyrifos-ethyl alone or combined with permethrin. These chemicals are applied without the use of appropriate protective equipment. The population showed interest in incorporating other alternatives to synthetic insecticides, especially plant extracts and traps

Concentración y extracción de macronutrimentos en cuatro variedades de fresa

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) nutrition is a fundamental factor in achieving high yields and fruit quality. For this, fertilizer sources, timing and concentrations must be considered. The plant is adapted to subtropical and temperate conditions butis sensitive to ionic fluctuations in the nutrient solution and to the nutrient content in soil and substrate. The analysis of nutrient absorption dynamics is one of the most used strategies to inferthe needs at each phenological stage. For this the need arises to formulate an algorithm that allows toknow the amount of nutrient that the plant requires in each phenological stage. The objective was to determine, through regression models, the nutritional demand during the crop cycle of the strawberry varieties Albion, Festival, Jacona and Zamorana. The hypothesis was that the concentration and absorption of nutrients is differential in each variety and phenological stage of the plant, in addition the absorption of nutrients can be described by multiple linear regression models. The study was conducted using a completely random sampling for the collection of plant material under field cultivation conditions. Nutrient concentration was determined by chemical analysis. The nutritional extraction was obtained and related to each phenological stage. The reference values for the concentration and nutritional extraction were obtained for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, using mathematical models that determine the nutritional needs of the plants at each stage of their development.La nutrición en fresa (Fragaria x ananassa) es un factor fundamental para alcanzar rendimientos y calidad altos del fruto. Para esto deben considerarse las fuentes fertilizantes, la oportunidad y las concentraciones aplicadas. La planta está adaptada a las condiciones subtropicales y templadas, pero es sensible a fluctuaciones iónicas en la solución nutritiva y al contenido de nutrientes en suelo y sustrato. El análisis de la dinámica de absorción de nutrientes es una de las estrategias más usadas para inferir las necesidades en cada etapa fenológica. Para ello surge la necesidad de formular un algoritmo que permita conocer la cantidad de nutriente que la planta requiere en cada etapa fenológica. El objetivo fue determinar, mediante modelos de regresión, la demanda nutrimental durante el ciclo de cultivo de las variedades de fresa Albión, Festival, Jacona y Zamorana. La hipótesis fue que la concentración y absorción de nutrientes es diferencial en cada variedad y etapa fenológica de la planta, además la absorción de nutrientes puede ser descrita mediante modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. El estudio se realizó usando un muestreo completamente aleatorio para la colecta del material vegetal bajo las condiciones de cultivo en campo. La concentración de nutrientes se determinó mediante análisis químico. La extracción nutrimental se obtuvo y se relacionó con cada etapa fenológica. Los valores de referencia para la concentración y extracción nutrimental se obtuvieron para N, P, K, Ca, Mg y S, mediante modelos matemáticos que determinan las necesidades nutrimentales de las plantas en cada etapa de su desarrollo

Huella genética de variedades de fresa obtenidas en el Colegio de Postgraduados, México

In a breeding program for strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) it is important to have a methodology to evaluate the genetic integrity of the plant in all the stages of increase, from different criteria, such as morphological, physiological and molecular; for this purpose one of the most appropriate tools are the Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR`s) molecular markers, since they allow, for example, identifying populations with a reduced genetic diversity, revealing genealogies, knowing the degree of relatedness between individuals, providing solid elements in the defense of intellectual property, evaluation of the purity of the plant material, identification of somaclonal variation and to avoid the mixture of plant material in germplasm banks. In this sense the objective of this study was to obtain the genetic fingerprint of strawberry varieties CP0201, CP0204, CP0615, CPLE7 developed at Colegio de Postgraduados and variety Festival developed at Florida, US, with the use of nine microsatellite (SSR`s) loci. The process included the DNA extraction from strawberry leaf tissue, as well as the amplification by means of PCR of the SSR`s loci grouped in multiplex reactions. The PCR products were separated by capillary electrophoresis and their size in base pairs was determined with the GeneMapper® v. 4 software. From the allele frequencies distance matrices were calculated the Jaccard and Dice coefficients. 63 different alleles were found, each pair of primers amplified between 3 and 12 alleles. The markers that presented the highest number of alleles were EMFn181 (11 alleles) and EMFv104 (12 alleles). The genetic fingerprint of each variety was generated. Differences between the CP0615, CPLE7 and Festival were found based on their allelic profiles; CP0204 and CP0201 had a similar genetic fingerprint, since they are related through their female parent; the allelic diversity index within the populations ranged from 3.96 to 5.93. The varieties had a low uniformity index due to the high level of polymorphism of the markers used.En un programa de mejoramiento genético de fresa (Fragaria × ananassa) es importante contar con la metodología para evaluar la integridad genética de la planta en todas las etapas de incremento, desde diferentes criterios, como el fisiológico, morfológico y el molecular; para este propósito, una de las herramientas más apropiadas son los marcadores moleculares denominados Secuencias Simples Repetidas del inglés Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), ya que permiten, por ejemplo, identificar poblaciones con una diversidad genética reducida, revelar genealogías, conocer el grado de parentesco entre individuos, proporcionar elementos sólidos en la defensa de la propiedad intelectual, evaluar la pureza del material vegetal, identificar el grado de variación somaclonal y evitar la mezcla de material vegetal en bancos de germoplasma. En este sentido, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo obtener la huella genética de las variedades de fresa CP0201, CP0204, CP0615, CPLE7 desarrolladas en el Colegio de Postgraduados y como testigo la variedad Festival, desarrollada en Florida, USA, con el uso de nueve loci de microsatélites (SSR). El proceso incluyó la extracción de ADN a partir de tejido foliar de fresa, así como de la amplificación mediante PCR de punto final de los loci SSR agrupados en reacciones multiplex. Los productos de PCR fueron separados mediante electroforesis capilar y su tamaño en pares de bases se determinó con el programa GeneMapper® v. 4. A partir de las frecuencias alélicas se calcularon las matrices de distancia con los coeficientes de Jaccard y Dice. Se encontraron 63 alelos distintos, cada par de iniciadores amplificó entre 3 y 12 alelos. Los marcadores que presentaron mayor número de alelos fueron EMFn181 (11 alelos) y EMFv104 (12 alelos). Se generó la huella genética de cada variedad. Mediante los perfiles alélicos se encontraron diferencias entre las variedades CP0615, CPLE7 y Festival; CP0201 y CP0204 tuvieron una huella genética similar, ya que están emparentadas a través de su progenitor femenino; el índice de diversidad alélica dentro de las poblaciones varió de 3.96 a 5.93. Las variedades tuvieron un índice de uniformidad bajo debido al alto nivel de polimorfismo de los marcadores usados