Система эмпирических показателей при изучении экологического сознания

The article is devoted to building a system of empirical characteristics, used in the study of the population's ecological awareness. The author considers various typologies and possibilities for the classification of the population's categories in terms of their awareness of ecological problems (environmental risks) on the basis of research conducted by Russian and German experts.Статья посвящена проблеме построения системы эмпирических показателей, используемой для изучения экологического сознания населения. Рассматриваются различные типологии и возможности классификаций категорий населения по отношению к экологическим проблемам (экологическим рискам) на основе исследований российских и немецких специалистов

Полисемия термина "экология"

The article is dedicated to the polysemy of the term “ecology”. The paper discusses various interpretations of the term, shows classifications of environmental science structure, and attempts to comprehend and summarize the diversity of meanings of the term “ecology”. The analysis was based on materials derived from monolingual etymological, linguistic and environmental dictionaries.Статья посвящена полисемии термина «экология». В работе рассмотрены различные толкования термина, приведены классификации структуры экологической науки и сделана попытка осмыслить и обобщить многообразие значений термина «экология». Материалом для анализа послужили одноязычные словари этимологической, лингвистической и экологической направленности

FinTech & New Digital Instruments. Post-Crisis Developments: Russia and Europe

The article examines 2020 post-crisis results and 2021 trends in FinTech regulation development. FinTech, being a relatively new term, has become a completely new industry, which combines rapidly developing technologies and financial products (including digital assets) or services. The year 2020, despite the pandemic and localization (and maybe even more so), seems as significant, if not more so, for market change and further development. The world has changed, and new technologies are vital for successful competition among financial players and even for their survival. Most of the leading international financial centers have focused on regulating FinTech and the use of innovations in classic highly regulated areas. In the article we address the pros and cons of technology regulation and make a comparative analysis of the leading revolutionary trends. The most revolutionary developments have appeared in smaller European countries, which the leaders are forced to follow. Law harmonization has become a natural step forward for Europe to regulate blockchain businesses and to agree on terminology and risk prevention measures for innovation support. The research examines the development and regulation of FinTech in such jurisdictions as Switzerland, Malta, Liechtenstein, Gibraltar and the United States. The approach is interdisciplinary, linking Russian legal norms, applicable rules, and expected results. The main methods used in the research are analysis, comparative-legal, and formal-legal methods

Обзор диссертационных исследований по терминологии экологии

This article analyzes the degree of coverage of environmental terminology in thesis research. The material for the analysis have been 35 Russian-language master’s and PhD of philology theses upon environmental topics. The author singles out lexical sets on areas of research, languages of terminology and sources, points out the information units typical for the majority of theses, and analyzes the similarities and differences in the rationale, objectives, methods, and materials of research. In conclusion, the author gives ground for the key areas of the research and outlines its prospects.Статья посвящена анализу степени изученности экологической терминологии в диссертационных исследованиях. Материалом для анализа послужили 35 русскоязычных диссертаций по экологической тематике на соискание степени кандидата или доктора филологических наук. Автором выделены тематические группы по направлениям исследования, языкам терминов и источников, указаны типичные для большинства работ блоки информации, проанализированы сходство и различия в актуальности, задачах, методах и материалах исследований. В заключение автор обосновывает ключевые направления своего исследования и намечает перспективы

TRANSLATION (ÜBERSETZUNG) AND MEDIATION (SPRACHMITTLUNG) OF GERMAN SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL TERMS

In recent years ecology has acquired special significance due to environmental deterio-ration and awareness of the need for caring attitude towards nature. Solution of environmental problems requires collaborative effort of specialists from different fields of expertise: ecology and natural resource management, economics, sociology, jurisprudence and terminology, since effective communication based on a common terminology base is key to successful cooperation. Some terms, however, have no exact analogues in other languages. Some terms lose their meaning in literal translation (“energy crops”, “invisible energy carriers”), while others (mostly one-word), consisting of several components, translate into a complete phrase (Naturerfahrungsraum - “space to gain experience with nature”). The article deals with German and international socio-ecological terms, which are difficult or impossible to literally translate into Russian while retaining the original meaning. The list also includes several terms that have literal translations (loan translations) into Russian, which do not explain the meanings of the terms to non-experts (“green bridge”, “ecological footprint”), as well as the terms located at the boundary of human ecology and related fields (economics, politics, urban ecology, etc.). The author argues the adviseability of using Sprachmittlung (mediation) instead of Übersetzung (translation) for working with such terms and gives specific examples showing the metaphoricity of German socio-ecological vocabulary (“CNC land insurance”, “safari in a puddle”). Communication of meaning or language mediation (Sprachmittlung) is the subject of this study. The objects of the study are German as well as English (international) socio-ecological terms. Works by E.M. Kakzanova, I.G. Olshansky, Egon Becker and others lay the theoretical foundation of the research. Finally, the author draws conclusions about the peculiarities of communication of meaning of German and English socio-ecological terms

A System of Empirical Characteristics in the Study of Ecological Awareness

The article is devoted to building a system of empirical characteristics, used in the study of the population's ecological awareness. The author considers various typologies and possibilities for the classification of the population's categories in terms of their awareness of ecological problems (environmental risks) on the basis of research conducted by Russian and German experts

ПЕРЕВОД (ÜBERSETZUNG) И ПЕРЕДАЧА ЗНАЧЕНИЯ (SPRACHMITTLUNG) НЕМЕЦКИХ СОЦИОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ТЕРМИНОВ

In recent years ecology has acquired special significance due to environmental deterio-ration and awareness of the need for caring attitude towards nature. Solution of environmental problems requires collaborative effort of specialists from different fields of expertise: ecology and natural resource management, economics, sociology, jurisprudence and terminology, since effective communication based on a common terminology base is key to successful cooperation. Some terms, however, have no exact analogues in other languages. Some terms lose their meaning in literal translation (“energy crops”, “invisible energy carriers”), while others (mostly one-word), consisting of several components, translate into a complete phrase (Naturerfahrungsraum - “space to gain experience with nature”). The article deals with German and international socio-ecological terms, which are difficult or impossible to literally translate into Russian while retaining the original meaning. The list also includes several terms that have literal translations (loan translations) into Russian, which do not explain the meanings of the terms to non-experts (“green bridge”, “ecological footprint”), as well as the terms located at the boundary of human ecology and related fields (economics, politics, urban ecology, etc.). The author argues the adviseability of using Sprachmittlung (mediation) instead of Übersetzung (translation) for working with such terms and gives specific examples showing the metaphoricity of German socio-ecological vocabulary (“CNC land insurance”, “safari in a puddle”). Communication of meaning or language mediation (Sprachmittlung) is the subject of this study. The objects of the study are German as well as English (international) socio-ecological terms. Works by E.M. Kakzanova, I.G. Olshansky, Egon Becker and others lay the theoretical foundation of the research. Finally, the author draws conclusions about the peculiarities of communication of meaning of German and English socio-ecological terms.Экология приобрела в последние годы особенное значение вследствие ухудшающейся экологической обстановки и осознания необходимости бережного отношения к природе. Решение экологических проблем требует совместной работы специалистов из разных областей знания: экологии и природопользования, экономики, социологии, юриспруденции, а также терминоведения, так как залогом успешного сотрудничества является эффективная коммуникация, опирающаяся на общую терминологическую базу. Но не все термины имеют точные аналоги в других языках. Некоторые теряют смысл при дословном переводе («энергетические растения», «невидимые энергоносители»), другие термины (чаще всего однословные), состоящие из нескольких компонентов, при переводе превращаются в целую фразу (Naturerfahrungsraum - «пространство для получения опыта общения с природой»). В статье рассматриваются немецкие и интернациональные социоэкологические термины, которые сложно или невозможно перевести на русский язык буквально, сохранив первоначальный смысл. В список также вошли некоторые термины, имеющие дословный (калькированный) перевод на русский язык, не раскрывающий значение терминов для неспециалистов («зеленый мост», «экологический след»), и термины, находящиеся на границе экологии человека и смежных областей (экономика, политика, экология города и др.). Автор аргументирует целесообразность использования понятия Sprachmittlung (передача значения) вместо понятия Übersetzung (перевод) для работы с подобными терминами и на конкретных примерах («КАСКО-страхование земли», «сафари в луже») показывает метафоричность немецкой социоэкологической лексики. Передача значения, или языковое посредничество (Sprachmittlung) является предметом настоящего исследования. Объектом исследования являются немецкие, а также английские (интернациональные) социо-экологические термины. Теоретической базой исследования явились труды таких ученых, как Е.М. Какзанова, И.Г. Ольшанский, Egon Becker и др. В заключение автор делает выводы об особенностях передачи значения немецких и английских социоэкологических терминов

Overview of dissertation studies in the terminology of ecology

This article analyzes the degree of coverage of environmental terminology in thesis research. The material for the analysis have been 35 Russian-language master’s and PhD of philology theses upon environmental topics. The author singles out lexical sets on areas of research, languages of terminology and sources, points out the information units typical for the majority of theses, and analyzes the similarities and differences in the rationale, objectives, methods, and materials of research. In conclusion, the author gives ground for the key areas of the research and outlines its prospects

2020 Post-Crisis Development and 2021 Trends in Russia and Europe: Fintech and Digital Assets Regulation

The article examines 2020 post-crisis results and 2021 trends in FinTech regulation development. FinTech companies are entering the financial market in collaboration — or competition — with classic players. These new alliances are transforming the market. Speed and cost savings have been decisive, and DeFi applications, new digital banks and the digitization of assets are rapidly evolving. Innovation needs regulatory updates to be legitimate. The most revolutionary developments have appeared in smaller European countries, which the leaders are forced to follow. Law harmonization has become a natural step forward for Europe to regulate blockchain businesses and to agree on terminology and risk prevention measures for innovation support. Talks on MiCA regulations have begun. On account of anti-laundering and terrorism prevention rules for businesses, confidentiality has virtually ceased to exist in the blockchain space, which had previously been anonymous. The commercial turnover of big data and the use of artificial intelligence in financial services have led to problems in customer protection and privacy. Technology standards are also a key area of regulation. New types of stablecoins are playing important role in technology-based markets (from Tether to the Binance USD). Libra as a potential supranational currency is awaiting regulation in Switzerland yet meeting with resistance internationally. Finally, central banks in Sweden, China, Russia and other countries are introducing digital currencies. Changes have been accelerating on account of the crisis and pandemic, as potential solutions are appearing in the regulated classic financial market. Authors address the pros and cons of technology regulation and make a comparative analysis of the leading trends