Space geodetic observations of repeating slow slip events beneath the Bonin Islands

The Pacific Plate subducts beneath the Philippine Sea Plate along the Izu-Bonin Trench. We investigated crustal movements at the Bonin Islands, using Global Navigation Satellite System and geodetic Very Long Baseline Interferometry data to reveal how the two plates converge in this subduction zone. These islands are located similar to 100 km from the trench, just at the middle between the volcanic arc and the trench, making these islands suitable for detecting signatures of episodic deformation such as slow slip events (SSEs). During 2007-2016, we found five SSEs repeating quasi-periodically with similar displacement patterns. In estimating their fault parameters, we assumed that the fault lies on the prescribed plate boundary, and optimized the size, shape and position of the fault and dislocation vectors. Average fault slip was similar to 5 cm, and the average moment magnitude was similar to 6.9. We also found one SSE occurred in 2008 updip of the repeating SSE in response to an M6 class interplate earthquake. In spite of the frequent occurrence of SSEs, there is no evidence for long-term strain accumulation in the Bonin Islands that may lead to future megathrust earthquakes. Plate convergence in Mariana-type subduction zones may occur, to a large extent, episodically as repeating SSEs

Inversion analysis of the 2004 off the Kii peninsula earthquakes using seismic intensity data

Ung och tanklös är en litteraturstudie som handlar om påföljdssystemet för unga lagöverträdare. Den ger en översikt över dagens påföljdssystem samt en historisk tillbakablick inom lagstiftningen och åtgärderna kring unga lagöverträdare i Sverige. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur dagens samhälle hanterar unga lagöverträdare. Varför ser vårt påföljdssystem ut som det gör? Tyngdpunkten i arbetet ligger på utvecklingen av påföljderna samt att det har gått från straff till ett mer behandlingsinriktat samhälle. Uppsatsen tar även upp sluten ungdomsvård och hur straff och behandlig förenas på institutionerna. De resultat som framkommer i uppsatsen är att de behandlingsmetoder som visat sig vara effektiva för gruppen unga lagöverträdare är Kognitiv beteendeterapi baserade program och familjebaserade insatser. De insatser som visats fungera bättre än andra utmärks genom att de inriktar sig på att påverka den unges sätt att tänka, känna och bete sig. Det innebär att det är mer effektivt att ge den unge någon typ av kvalificerad behandling utöver en juridisk påföljd. Uppsatsen visar även en utveckling av olika slags påföljder för unga lagöverträdare eftersom olika straffteorier har tillämpats genom tiden. Samt hur samhällets åtgärder för unga lagöverträdare förändrats.Young and thoughtless is a literature which deals with penalties for young offenders. It gives an overview of the current system of sanctions and to history in the legislation and measures relating to young offenders in Sweden. The purpose of this paper is to examine how our society handles young offenders. Why does our system of penalties the way they do? The focus of the work lies in the development of the sanctions and that it has moved from criminal to a more treatment-oriented society. The essay also takes up secure youth and how punishment and treatment united in institutions. The results obtained in the paper is that the methods of treatment proved effective for the group of young offenders is cognitive-behavioral therapy-based programs and family-based interventions. The actions demonstrated work better than others, characterized by the focus on to influence the young person's way of thinking, feeling and behaving. That means it is more effective to give the kids some type of skilled therapy beyond a legal sanction. The essay also shows a development of different types of sanctions for young offenders because various criminal theories have been applied through time. And how society measures for young offenders has changed

Lessons from the 2018 drought for management of local water supplies in upland areas : a tracer-based assessment

Funding Information: We would like to acknowledge financial support from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (project NE/P010334/1) via a CASE industrial studentship with Chivas Brothers. David Drummond, Katya Dimitrova-Petrova and Eva Loerke are thanked for assistance with fieldwork, while we acknowledge Dr Aaron Neill for his advice on young water fraction analyses. Trevor Buckley and staff at the Glenlivet Distillery are thanked for on-site assistance and supply of data and abstraction records. We thank Audrey Innes, Dr Bernhard Scheliga, and Dr Ilse Kamerling for their support with the laboratory isotope analysis. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

High-temporal resolution fluvial sediment source fingerprinting with uncertainty: a Bayesian approach

This contribution addresses two developing areas of sediment fingerprinting research. Specifically, how to improve the temporal resolution of source apportionment estimates whilst minimizing analytical costs and, secondly, how to consistently quantify all perceived uncertainties associated with the sediment mixing model procedure. This first matter is tackled by using direct X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRFS) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analyses of suspended particulate matter (SPM) covered filter papers in conjunction with automatic water samplers. This method enables SPM geochemistry to be quickly, accurately, inexpensively and non-destructively monitored at high-temporal resolution throughout the progression of numerous precipitation events. We then employed a Bayesian mixing model procedure to provide full characterization of spatial geochemical variability, instrument precision and residual error to yield a realistic and coherent assessment of the uncertainties associated with source apportionment estimates. Applying these methods to SPM data from the River Wensum catchment, UK, we have been able to apportion, with uncertainty, sediment contributions from eroding arable topsoils, damaged road verges and combined subsurface channel bank and agricultural field drain sources at 60- and 120-minute resolution for the duration of five precipitation events. The results presented here demonstrate how combining Bayesian mixing models with the direct spectroscopic analysis of SPM-covered filter papers can produce high-temporal resolution source apportionment estimates that can assist with the appropriate targeting of sediment pollution mitigation measures at a catchment level

A Methodology for the Vulnerability Analysis of the Climate Change in the Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Goal of the vulnerability research of the last years is to evaluate which community, region, or nation is more vulnerable in terms of its sensitive to damaging effects of extreme meteorological events like floods or droughts. Ethiopia is a country where it is possible to find the described conditions. Aim of this work was to develop an integrated system of early warning and response, whereas neither landmark data nor vulnerability drought analysis existed in the country. Specifically, a vulnerability index and a capacity to react index of the population of three Woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia were determined and analysed. Input data concerned rainfall, water availability, physical land characteristics, agricultural and livestock dimensions, as well as population and socio-economic indices. Data were collected during a specific NGO project and thanks to a field research funded by the University of Torino. Results were analysed and specific maps were drawn. The mapping of the vulnerability indices revealed that the more isolated Woreda with less communication roads and with less water sources presented the worst data almost on all its territory. Despite not bad vulnerability indices in the other two Woredas, however, population here still encountered difficulty to adapt to sudden climatic changes, as revealed by the other index of capacity to reaction. Beyond the interpretation of each parameter, a more complete reading key was possible using the SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) beside these indicators. In a normalized scale between 0 and 1, in this study the calculated annual SPI index was 0.83: the area is therefore considerably exposed to the drought risk, caused by an high intensity and frequency of rainfall lack