Message-Stick of the Muses: Lyric Epistolarity and Textuality in Pindar and Bacchylides

This article is the first thorough examination of the motif and pragmatics of sending songs in the epinician corpus. It demonstrates that the sending motif developed out of early Greek cultural attitudes towards textuality itself. Examples of the motif found in Bacchylides 5 and Pindar Pythian 3, Pythian 2, Nemean 3, Olympian 6, Isthmian 2 are examined to demonstrate how each affects the ode’s pragmatics and self-framing. In each ode, the motif is shown both to reflect an ancient Greek regime of textuality heavily focused on the text’s vocality, and to emphasise the ode’s existence as a material, entextualised object within the self-imposed limitations of a poetic style rooted in the song culture. It argues that the sending motif must be seen as one of Greek encomiastic poetry’s most interesting metapoetic tropes

Underlying Event Studies for LHC Energies

Underlying event was originally defined by the CDF collaboration decades ago. Here we improve the original definition to extend our analysis for events with multiple-jets. We introduce a definition for surrounding rings/belts and based on this definition the jet- and surrounding-belt-excluded areas will provide a good underlying event definition. We inverstigate our definition via the multiplicity in the defined geometry. In parallel, mean transverse momenta of these areas also studied in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV LHC energy.Comment: 6 pages and 4 figure

Resolving lateral and vertical structures by ellipsometry using wavelength range scan

For most thin film structures, by changing the wavelength range to fit ellipsometric spectra, the values of the fitted parameters also change to a certain extent. The reason is that compared with the ellipsometric sensitivity many thin films are vertically non-uniform. In absorbing films with significant dispersion in the used wavelength range, the penetration depth of probing light can show large variations depending on the wavelength. Consequently, the value of a fitted parameter for a certain wavelength range is a weighted sum of structural information over different depth ranges corresponding to the different wavelengths. By changing the wavelength range, the range of penetration depths can be adjusted, and the fitted values can be plotted as a function of the probed depth range calculated directly from the determined or tabulated extinction coefficients. We demonstrate the results on deposited polycrystalline thin films. The advantage of this approach over the parameterization of structural properties as a function of depth is that the wavelength scan approach requires no parameterized depth distribution model for the vertical dependence of a layer property. The difference of the wavelength scan method and the vertical parameterization method is similar to the difference between the point-by-point and the parameterized dielectric function methods over the used wavelength range. The lateral structures strongly influence the ellipsometric response, as well. One of the most remarkable effects is when the lateral feature sizes approach the wavelength of the probing light. In this case the effective medium method is not valid any more, since scattering and depolarization occurs. By scanning the wavelength range, the limit wavelength of the onset of scattering can be found, and used for the determination of the corresponding critical lateral period length

Characterization of in-depth cavity distribution after thermal annealing of helium-implanted silicon and gallium nitride

Single-crystalline silicon wafers covered with sacrificial oxide layer and epitaxially grown gallium nitride layers were implanted with high-fluence helium ions (2-6 × 1016 cm- 2) at energies of 20-30 keV. Thermal annealings at 650-1000 °C, 1 h were performed on the Si samples and rapid thermal annealings at 600-1000 °C, 120 s under N2 were performed on the GaN samples. The as-implanted samples and the near-surface cavity distributions of the annealed samples were investigated with variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. In-depth defect profiles and cavity profiles can be best described with multiple independent effective medium sublayers of varying ratio of single-crystal/void. The number of sublayers was chosen to maximize the fit quality without a high parameter cross-correlation. The dependence of the implantation fluence, oxide layer thickness and annealing temperature on the cavity distribution was separately investigated. The ellipsometric fitted distributions were compared and cross-checked with analyses of transmission electron micrographs where the average surface cavity was determined sublayer by sublayer. The in-depth profiles were also compared with simulations of He and vacancy distributions

Természetben előforduló és mesterséges karotinoidok izolálása, előállítása, szerkezetigazolása = Isolation and structure elucidation of natural and semisynthetic carotenoids

Kereskedelmi szilikagél lúgos kezelésével olyan nagy kapacitású preparatív kromatográfiás állófázist állítottunk elő, amely az igen savérzékeny karotinoid-5,6-epoxidok elválasztására is alkalmas. Ennek segítségével paprikából latoxantint izoláltunk. Karotinoid-glikozidokat állítottunk elő új módszerrel. Ennek lényege, hogy a karotinoidok savak hatására kationokat képeznek, melyek nukleofilekkel 4 ill. 4- helyzetben reagálnak. beta-karotin és izo-zeaxantin savas kezelésével majd perbenzoilezett 1-tioglükóz alkalmazásával változatos tioglikozidokat állítottunk elő jó hozammal. Általános módszert dolgoztunk ki karotinoid-szukcinátokból karotinoid dimerek előállítására. Elvégeztük aromás magot tartalmazó dimerek és trimerek szintézisét aromás karbonsavakból karotinoidokkal, ill. fenolokból és benzil-alkoholokból karotinoid-szukcinátokkal. Az új vegyületek oxidatív stressz gátló hatása jóval meghaladta a referencia karotinoidok aktivitását. Jó hozammal glikozil-észtereket állítottunk elő karotinoid-szukcinátokkal a glikozilos OH-csoport észteresítésével. Elkezdtük polietilénglikol-karotinoid észterek előállítását, melyek biológiai vizsgálat jelenleg is folyamatban van. A természetes karotinoidok viszgálata során meghatároztuk gyógy-növények virágzatának és bogyótermésének karotinoid-összetételét. A karotinoidok élelmiszerekben való előfordulásának vizsgálatát folytatva bolti forgalomban kapható növények és feldolgozott termékek analízisét végeztük el. Amerikai és japán kutatócsoportok vizsgálták az általunk izolált vegyületek biológiai hatását. | Through basic handling of commercially available silica gel a new high-capacity chromatographic stationary phase was produced and used for the separation of acid-labile 5,6-epoxy-carotenoids. With the help of the modified gel latoxanthin was isolated from yellow paprika. A new method was elaborated for the synthesis of carotenoid glycosides. Carotenoids form cations in the their reactions with acids, which readily react with nucleophile at positions 4 and 4- of the end groups. After acidic treatment of beta-carotene and isozeaxanthin the cation obtained was reacted with perbenzoylated 1-thioglucose to give thioglycosides with good yields. A general method was elaborated for the production of carotenoid succinates, and carotenoid homo- and hetero- succinate diesters. Carotenoid dimers and trimers were synthetized from aromatic di- or tricarboxylic acids and from di- or tribenzylic alcohols. These new compounds have been shown higher antiodidant activity in preliminary tests than native carotenoids. Glycosyl esters were synthetised from carotenoid succinates with good yields. Synthesis and biological investigation of PEG-carotenoid conjugates have been started recently. As a continuation of our work on the isolation of natural carotenoids carotenoid composition of petals and berries of some medicinal herbs were determined. Food chemistry studies were made on the carotenoid composition of commercially available plants and their prosessed forms. The role of carotenoids in biological sytems was investigated