Image-based multiplex immune profiling of cancer tissues : translational implications. A report of the International Immuno-oncology Biomarker Working Group on Breast Cancer

Recent advances in the field of immuno-oncology have brought transformative changes in the management of cancer patients. The immune profile of tumours has been found to have key value in predicting disease prognosis and treatment response in various cancers. Multiplex immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence have emerged as potent tools for the simultaneous detection of multiple protein biomarkers in a single tissue section, thereby expanding opportunities for molecular and immune profiling while preserving tissue samples. By establishing the phenotype of individual tumour cells when distributed within a mixed cell population, the identification of clinically relevant biomarkers with high-throughput multiplex immunophenotyping of tumour samples has great potential to guide appropriate treatment choices. Moreover, the emergence of novel multi-marker imaging approaches can now provide unprecedented insights into the tumour microenvironment, including the potential interplay between various cell types. However, there are significant challenges to widespread integration of these technologies in daily research and clinical practice. This review addresses the challenges and potential solutions within a structured framework of action from a regulatory and clinical trial perspective. New developments within the field of immunophenotyping using multiplexed tissue imaging platforms and associated digital pathology are also described, with a specific focus on translational implications across different subtypes of cancer.Gilead Breast Cancer Research Grant; Breast Cancer Research Foundation; Susan G Komen Leadership; Interne Fondsen KU Leuven/Internal Funds KU Leuven; Swedish Society for Medical Research; Swedish Breast Cancer Association; Cancer Research Program; US Department of Defense; Mayo Clinic Breast Cancer; Marie Sklodowska Curie; NHMRC; National Institutes of Health; Cancer Research UK; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Horizon 2020 European Union Research and Innovation Programme National Cancer Institute; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; VA Merit Review Award; US Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research Breast Cancer Research Program; Prostate Cancer Research Program; Lung Cancer Research Program; Kidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP) Glue Grant; EPSRC; Melbourne Research Scholarship; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; KWF Kankerbestrijding; Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport the Breast Cancer Research Foundation; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Q-Life; National Breast Cancer Foundation of Australia; National Health and Medical Council of Australia; All-Island Cancer Research Institute; Irish Cancer Society; Science Foundation Ireland Investigator Programme; Science Foundation Ireland Strategic Partnership Programme. Open access funding provided by IReL.https://pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10969896hj2024ImmunologySDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

Spatial analyses of immune cell infiltration in cancer : current methods and future directions. A report of the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group on Breast Cancer

Modern histologic imaging platforms coupled with machine learning methods have provided new opportunities to map the spatial distribution of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. However, there exists no standardized method for describing or analyzing spatial immune cell data, and most reported spatial analyses are rudimentary. In this review, we provide an overview of two approaches for reporting and analyzing spatial data (raster versus vector-based). We then provide a compendium of spatial immune cell metrics that have been reported in the literature, summarizing prognostic associations in the context of a variety of cancers. We conclude by discussing two well-described clinical biomarkers, the breast cancer stromal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes score and the colon cancer Immunoscore, and describe investigative opportunities to improve clinical utility of these spatial biomarkers. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.http://www.thejournalofpathology.com/hj2024ImmunologySDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

Image-based multiplex immune profiling of cancer tissues: translational implications. A report of the International Immuno-oncology Biomarker Working Group on Breast Cancer

Recent advances in the field of immuno-oncology have brought transformative changes in the management of cancer patients. The immune profile of tumours has been found to have key value in predicting disease prognosis and treatment response in various cancers. Multiplex immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence have emerged as potent tools for the simultaneous detection of multiple protein biomarkers in a single tissue section, thereby expanding opportunities for molecular and immune profiling while preserving tissue samples. By establishing the phenotype of individual tumour cells when distributed within a mixed cell population, the identification of clinically relevant biomarkers with high-throughput multiplex immunophenotyping of tumour samples has great potential to guide appropriate treatment choices. Moreover, the emergence of novel multi-marker imaging approaches can now provide unprecedented insights into the tumour microenvironment, including the potential interplay between various cell types. However, there are significant challenges to widespread integration of these technologies in daily research and clinical practice. This review addresses the challenges and potential solutions within a structured framework of action from a regulatory and clinical trial perspective. New developments within the field of immunophenotyping using multiplexed tissue imaging platforms and associated digital pathology are also described, with a specific focus on translational implications across different subtypes of cancer

Finite Difference Solution to Thermoelastic Field in a Thin Circular FGM Disk with a Concentric Hole

AbstractThis study pays attention to the analysis of thermoelastic filed in a thin circular functionally graded material (FGM) disk with a concentric hole subjected to thermal loads. The material distribution in the disk is assumed to vary in the radial direction only. The mechanical and thermal properties of the FGM disk are simulated by the power function and exponential variation with the radius of the disk. As the range of variation of Poisson's ratio is small and its effect on the thermoelastic characteristics is negligible, it is reasonably assumed to be constant throughout the disk. Based on the two dimensional thermoelastic theories, the problem is reduced to the solution of a second order differential equation which is converted to a system of algebraic linear equations with the help of finite difference discretization. Solution of these equations is obtained by Gauss elimination method for an Al2O3/Al FGM disk. Numerical results of different components of stress and displacement are presented and analyzed. The analysis of the results reveals that the thermoelastic characteristics of an FGM disk are substantially dependant on material distribution as well as difference of temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces of the disk