Self-nano Emulsifying Formulations: An Encouraging Approach for Bioavailability Enhancement and Future Perspective

Currently lipid-based formulations are playing a vital and promising role in improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Lipid based formulations mainly consist of a drug dissolved in lipids such as triglycerides, glycerides, oils and surface active agent. Self nanoemulsifying formulations (SNEF) are isotropic mixtures of lipids/oils, surfactants and co-surfactants. On mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous media, such as GI fluids, SNEF can form fine oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsions. Present chapter summarizes different types of lipid formulations with special emphasis on SNEF, availability of dosage forms, different components with natural surfactants from medicinal plants, mechanism of SNEF, recent advancements in oral drug delivery, solid SNEDDS, patents on SNEF and future prospects. SNEF emerging as powerful technique to improve solubility and commercialization of solid SNEF is the future novel drug delivery to improve bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs

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Not AvailableA single quadrupole GC–MS method was optimized for multiresidue determination of 47 pesticides in grapes with limit of quantifications of each compound in compliance with the EU-MRL requirements. Sample preparation involved extraction of 10 g sample with 10 ml ethyl acetate ( + 10 g sodium sulphate) by homogenization at 15,000 rpm followed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm. The supernatant was cleaned by dispersive solid phase extraction with primary secondary amine and acidified with 0.1% formic acid. Residues were estimated in selected ion monitoring mode with programmable temperature vaporizer-large volume injection (8 μl). All the GC and MS parameters were thoroughly optimized to achieve satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.99) within 0.01–0.25 mg kg−1 with minimum matrix interferences. Recoveries at 0.01 and 0.02 mg kg−1 were within 67–120% with associated precision RSD below 19%. The method was successfully applied for analysis of the real world samples for incurred residues.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA residue analysis method for the simultaneous estimation of 349 pesticides, 11 PCBs and 15 PAHs extracted from grape, pomegranate, okra, tomato and onion matrices, was established by using a gas chromatograph coupled to an electron impact ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC–EI-MS/MS). The samples were extracted by ethyl acetate and cleaned by dispersive solid phase extraction with PSA and/or GCB/C18 by the methods reported earlier. The GC–EI-MS/MS parameters were optimized for analysis of all the 375 compounds within a 40 min run time with limit of quantification for most of the compounds at 0.99 within the calibration linearity range of <5–250 ng/mL for compounds with LOQs < 5 ng/mL. While for the compounds with LOQs within 5–10 μg/kg, the lowest calibration level was 5 and 10 μg/kg as applicable. The recoveries at 10, 25 and 50 ng/mL were within 70–110% (n = 6) with associated RSDs < 20% indicating satisfactory precision. The information generated from the single laboratory validation was further utilized for building a semi-quantitative approach. The accuracies in quantification obtained via individual calibration standards vis-à-vis semi-quantification approach were comparable. For incurred samples, the concentrations estimated by the semi-quantification approach were within ±10% of the values obtained by direct quantification. This approach complements the existing GC–EI-MS/MS methods by offering targeted screening and quantification capabilities.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableStudies conducted to standardize the dose of GA3 and 6BA at 3–4 mm and 6–7 mm berry size stages after berry set, indicated that the application of GA3 at 40 ppm + 10 ppm 6BA at 3–4 mm and GA3 at 30 ppm + 10 ppm 6BA at 6–7 mm berry size stage was equally good in comparison with the higher concentration of GA3 at 50ppm + 20 ppm 6BA at 3–4 mm and GA3 at 30 ppm + 10 ppm 6BA at 6–7 mm berry size stage. Berry quality and shelf life were not significantly different among the treatments. Based on the results obtained it could be concluded that for increasing berry size and berry weight of Sharad Seedless grapes the application of GA3 at 40 and 30 ppm along with 10 ppm 6BA at 3–4 mm and 6–7 mm berry size stage, respectively seems to be beneficial and economical.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe residue dynamics of plant growth regulators (PGR) forchlorfenuron (CPPU), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and ethephon in grape are presented, corresponding to their field applications at recommended and double doses. Random samples were collected from each treated and control plot at regular time intervals. The optimised sample preparation technique involves extraction of 10 g homogenised sample with 20 ml methanol ( + 1% formic acid) and measurement by LC–MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring, offering limit of quantification ⩽0.0025 μg/g for all except ethephon with LOQ of 0.005 μg/g. The recoveries at LOQ and above were 84.8–109.5%. Residue dissipation of all the PGRs followed non-linear two-compartment first + first-order kinetics. CPPU, 6-BA and ethephon residues dissipated with preharvest intervals (PHIs) of 33.5, 12 and 32 days at recommended dose with no PHI applicable for GA3. The PHIs successfully minimised residue problems as observed from survey results of traceable field samples.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableFood safety aspects of buprofezin, dimethoate and imidacloprid residues in pomegranate are reported. The residue analysis involved extraction of samples (15 g) with 10 ml ethyl acetate, cleanup by dispersive solid phase extraction with 25 mg primary secondary amine and 25 mg C18 sorbents and estimation by LC–MS/MS. The limit of quantification of each analyte was 0.001 mg kg−1 with recoveries within 76–109%. The residues of buprofezin and dimethoate were confined to outer rind, which degraded to below the maximum residue limit for the European Union (EU-MRL) after 10.5 and 31.5 days at standard dose and 32.0 and 44.0 days at double dose. Residues of imidacloprid penetrated into the albedo and membrane, although at less than the MRL in all samples even at double dose. The dietary exposure of buprofezin and imidacloprid was safe on all sampling days; whereas samples with dimethoate appeared safe after 15 and 30 days of field applications at standard and double doses, respectively.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableQuality of raisins is affected by various factors like variety, pre-treatment of grape bunches, drying conditions etc. Considering the importance of raisin colour as an important quality attribute, the present study was conducted. Grape bunches were treated with different doses of ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite after harvesting. Applications of ascorbic acid concentrations to grapes before pretreatment of bunch by alkaloid solution on the second day of drying reduced colour intensity. Moisture content in raisins was also reduced up to 12.35 % in T3. It was an indicator of faster drying. The concentration of 300 ppm was found effective in producing quality raisins. Less colour intensity was observed when ascorbic acid was applied on bunches placed for drying than application before dipping in alkali solution in each treatment. Minimum colour intensity (6.356) was noted in T2 followed by T3 when ascorbic acid was applied on bunches placed for drying while maximum (7.344) was noted in control. The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities was decreased by increasing the drying duration. Lower PPO content was noted in treated grapes than control. While, no significant differences were observed for browning and colour intensity in raisins with different doses of ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite. However, applications of ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite influenced the other parameters. The present study reveals that the application of ascorbic acid is suitable for retaining good colour of raisins with faster drying and 300 ppm ascorbic acid spray on second day of drying can be adopted.Not Availabl