Characterization of a Structure Consisting of Magnetostatic Responsive Microscopic Particles and Its Applications In Antennas

Wireless communication systems often require that a single antenna work at different frequencies. Thus the recon gurable antennas are useful in frequency agile environments to receive a signal over multiple bands. Research on antenna recon gurability using mechanical systems and radio frequency (RF) switches have been implemented in the past years. One problem for these voltage- controlled switches is that they require direct current (DC) bias control lines for operation. The incorporation of DC biasing circuitry also limits designers to explore the recon gurable capacity of many antennas. The DC bias control lines can possibly degrade the antenna performance. Moreover, because of the additional control signals, many existing multiband systems cannot use recon gurable antennas. In this research, magnetostatic responsive particles are used in micro-sized cavities to manufacture novel magnetic switches that are activated in a magnetic eld. Furthermore, the characterization, modeling in simulation software, and lumped element model extraction of these micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) based on magnetic switches is presented. A re ned method of quantifying the micro sized magnetic particles in a cavity and the response of the proposed micro level magnetic switches in the RF eld is also explained in detail. Then, a microstrip patch antenna loaded with Electromagnetic Band Gaps (EBGs) that cannot be recon gured using existing RF switching devices was recon gured using the proposed magnetic switches and is presented in this research for the rst time. A comparison between PIN diodes and the proposed magnetic switches on a microstrip patch is also included in this research to show the efficiency of the proposed structure. Overall, the proposed magnetic switches showed good results when used in antenna systems to achieve recon gurability and do not effect the radiation characteristics of the recon gured antenna.COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakista

Survival Analysis of Tumor using 7 Tesla MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI7) is a very powerful imaging technique for the assessment of stroke aetiology (Condition) and brain imaging. Another class of MRI is ultrahigh frequency based MRI using 7 Tesla is now developed by seamen’s for better imaging in humans. This study examines these MRI. Thisarticle highlights an alternative approach, denoted “interval monitoring,” whose aims is related with more timely detection of tumor cancer changes. The conceptual background and the computational realization of the proposed method are outlined, and its application is illustrated by an empirical example from the image-based photo science, cancer registry of America. Monitoring of cancer patient survival is the first step of its cure so across the globe practice routinely employed by many cancer registries, which is an essential component for its cure. However, changes in prognosis over time are disclosed withconsiderable delay, with traditional methods of monitoring cumulative survival. Our study took sequence of MRI images, GMPLS function locate the cancer after filtering and skeletonization. This study saves time and difference for calculation of cancer equation. This study uses statistical technique to get the desired matrix, further its inverse provides us real time mathematical equation which is unique for each patient. Further survivor analysis is employed to achieve the break or death of subject. The Aim of this research is to provide unique mathematical model of a cancer patient, provides real time graph aboutcancer health and survivor function depicts the death of subject respectively

Papillary thyroid carcinoma within thyroglossal duct cyst: Case series and literature review

Introduction  Thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) is the most common congenital anomaly of the neck, and approximately 7% of all the adult population presents it. Ectopic thyroid tissue is found in the thyroglossal duct cyst wall in up to 65% of cases. This thyroid tissue has the potential to develop some type of malignancy, the most common of which is the papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. There are just over 270 cases of thyroglossal duct cyst malignancy reported in the literature. Objectives  We aimed to study our population of patients in order to identify cases with thyroglossal duct cyst malignancy. Methods  A retrospective chart review was conducted in the section of otolaryngology/head and neck surgery at a hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, from January of 2004 to December of 2014 on patients with the diagnosis of thyroglossal duct cyst. Results  Fifty-eight patients were diagnosed with TGDC, two of whom also presented with thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma. Both patients revealed papillary thyroid carcinoma on histopathology. Case 1 had an open biopsy before undergoing definitive surgery. Both patients underwent subsequent total thyroidectomy after Sistrunk procedure, and case 2 had selective neck dissection revealing lymph node metastasis. Conclusion  Thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma is a rare finding that comes as a surprise to both the patient and the surgeon. We report 2 out of 58 cases diagnosed with thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma

Unusual presentation of differentiated thyroid cancer metastasis

Introduction  The rates of thyroid cancers are on a rise, especially well-differentiated thyroid cancers. This could be partly due to newer diagnostic modalities, like high-resolution ultrasound, that can pick up smaller lesions. Differentiated thyroid cancers with distant metastases are not common, and even rarer is the initial presentation with complaints not related to the neck. Objectives  The objective of this series was to study and report the unusual cases of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with distant metastasis. There is a lack of data in the literature on these cases, and due to the rarity of such metastases, no definite treatment protocol has been defined. Methods  A retrospective chart review of 1,200 cases of thyroid surgeries was performed. A total of 10 cases of well-differentiated thyroid cancer on the final histopathology exam that had initially presented with usual complaints to departments other than the Otolaryngology Department were identified. Results  A total of 6 patients had papillary carcinoma, whereas 4 patients had follicular carcinoma on final the histopathology exam. Two patients presented with iliac crest lesions, 2 with vertebral lesions one each with parapharyngeal mass, supraclavicular mass, labia majora swelling and bleeding, lung, rib and neck of femur lesion. Conclusion  There are still no specific guidelines on how to address these patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with distant metastasis (except for the cases of bone and lung lesions) and on which treatment should be offered in case of recurrence. More studies on the subject are required

Perforated appendix! An experience of a Public teaching hospital

Introduction  The most common cause of non-traumatic acute abdominal pain as well as the most common acute abdominal condition presenting to Surgical Emergency is none other than Acute Appendicitis hence it becomes the most common entity undergoing surgery in Emergencies all over the world. The lifetime risk for someone to develop acute appendicitis is 8.6% and 6.7% for males and females respectively, with 90% found in children and young adults and 10% in patients over 60 years of age.1 Increasing age or in other words decreasing immunity does affect the incidence of perforated appendix as we see the  the perforation rate in acute appendicitis is approximately 20~30%  but as the age goes beyond 60 years it inclines to  32-72%.2 Delay in the diagnosis caused by indefinite  history and physical examination  tends to contribute to higher incidence of perforated appendix as reported by Siripong et al. In another study the risk factors that were found to be associated with perforated appendicitis were male sex, fever ≥ 38°C, anorexia, and duration of pain in the pre-admission period.3 In one of the the study pre-hospital delays were exceeding related to perforation as compared to in-hospital delays which was explainable because of a linear relationship present among the pathological grade  to hospital interval ratio , thus leading to increased risk of perforation.4 As far as the blood work was concerned , an increase in Total Leucocyte count with majority being polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), and raised C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were found to be responsible for substantial increment in the  risk and gravity of complications in appendicitis. Presence of comorbid diseases didn't show any significant affect on perforation rate.5

Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Elderly Patients after Trivial Head Injury

Background: Chronic subdural hematoma is a benign disease but its behavior is more than a malignant space occupying lesion intra-cranially and it kills patient, if diagnosis delayed. Chronic subdural hematoma is frequently associated with underlying co-morbidities like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases and atrial fibrillation in elderly patient. Early recognition of chronic subdural hematoma is important for early management.Objective: To identify the factors for causing chronic sub-dural haematoma following minor head injury.Materials and Methods: This observational descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery “A” Unit, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from 1st January 2016 to 31st July 2018. All patients with history of minor head injury resulting in unilateral or bilateral chronic subdural hematoma diagnosed clinically and radiologically by CT scan/MRI brain, Age greater than 60 years & operated for chronic subdural hematoma were included in this study. Exclusion criteria was all chronic subdural hematoma patients with age less than 60 years and previous operated. Medical records of patients were revised and searched for associated risk factors. A proforma was designed for collection of data. The data was analyzed through SPSS Version17.Results: Total number of patients were (46) with male to female ratio (3:1). Clinical presentations were decreased level of consciousness in 11 patients (23.9%), Headache in 10 patients (21.7%), Memory loss in 5 (10.8%), Personality changes in 10 patients (21.7%), Motor deficits in 5 patients (10.8%), Aphasia in 5 patients (10.8). The risk factors found were Diabetes Mellitus 8 cases (17%), Hypertension 16 cases (35%), Rheumatic heart disease 1 case (3%), Ischemic heart disease 15 cases (32%) and atrial fibrillation 6 cases (13%).Conclusion: The common risk factors for chronic subdural hematoma was ischemic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation. Early management results in favorable prognosis in terms of morbidity and mortality

Hospital-Based Cancer Registry

Background :. To  determine the frequency of different types of malignancies in different gender and age groups, presenting at a surgical unit. Methods:  In this observational study  cancer patients of both genders were included to determine frequencies of different malignancies that presented to a surgical unit.  All the patients with age greater than 12 years and being admitted in surgical unit 1 with the diagnosis of malignancy, were included. The variables recorded included age, sex, address, diagnosis, biopsy, date of biopsy, treatment timeline, stage at presentation, final outcome and referral to other care units. Data was entered and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software, version 22. Results: A total of 150 malignant tumours were analyzed. There were 50 (33.3%) male patients and 100 (66.7%) females. Malignant tumours of breast 67 (44.7%) and esophagus 16 (10.7%), were found to be the most common whereas malignant melanoma  (0.7%), submandibular tumours (0.7%), and parotid tumours (0.7%), were least common. The most common malignancy in males were of stomach (16.0%) and rectum (16.0%), whereas in females it was the breast malignancies (67.0%). Dividing the age distribution of the patients into 15-year bands, the peak age-category was 41-60 years (46.0%), while only 3 (2.0%) patients were above 80 years.  Conclusion: Cancer trends were found to be similar as that of other studies in Pakistan with a few differences. Data management is sub optimal. There is a dire need of integrated system of Cancer Registry