5 research outputs found
Revival of the heterologous primeâboost technique in COVIDâ19: An outlook from the history of outbreaks
Abstract Background The heterologous primeâboost vaccination technique is not novel as it has a history of deployment in previous outbreaks. Aim Hence, this narrative review aims to provide critical insight for reviving the heterologous primeâboost immunization strategy for SARSâCoVâ2 vaccination relative to a brief positive outlook on the mixâdose approach deployed in previous and existing outbreaks (ie, Ebola virus disease (EVD), malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, HIV and influenza virus). Methodology and Materials A Boolean search was carried out to find the literature in MEDLINEâPubMed, Clinicaltrials, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases up till December 22, 2021, using the specific keywords that include âSARSâCoV2â, âCOVIDâ19â, âEbola,â âMalaria,â âTuberculosis,â âHuman Immunodeficiency Virus,â âHepatitis B,â âInfluenza,â âMix and match,â âHeterologous primeâboost,â with interposition of âORâ and âAND.â Full text of all the related articles in English language with supplementary appendix was retrieved. In addition, the full text of relevant crossâreferences was also retrieved. Results Therefore, as generally evident by the primary outcomes, that is, safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity reported and updated by preclinical and clinical studies for addressing previous and existing outbreaks so far, including COVIDâ19, it is understood that heterologous primeâboost immunization has been proven successful for eliciting a more efficacious immune response as of yet in comparison to the traditional homologous primeâboost immunization regimen. Discussion Accordingly, with increasing cases of COVIDâ19, many countries such as Germany, Pakistan, Canada, Thailand, and the United Kingdom have started administering the heterologous vaccination as the technique aids to rationalize the usage of the available vaccines to aid in the global race to vaccinate majority to curb the spread of COVIDâ19 efficiently. However, the article emphasizes the need for more large controlled trials considering demographic details of vaccine recipients, which would play an essential role in clearing the mistrust about safety concerns to pace up the acceptance of the technique across the globe. Conclusion Consequently, by combatting the backâtoâback waves of COVIDâ19 and other challenging variants of concerns, including Omicron, the discussed approach can also help in addressing the expected evolution of priority outbreaks as coined by WHO, that is, âDisease Xâ in 2018 with competency, which according to WHO can turn into the ânext pandemicâ or the ânext public health emergency,â thus would eventually lead to eradicating the risk of âpopulation crisis.
What has been learned about COVIDâ19 vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan: Insights from a narrative review
Abstract Background Vaccine hesitancy is not a new phenomenon to Pakistan. This is evidenced through the slow progress of previous vaccination campaigns and programs against MMR, BCG, and especially polio. This issue continues to persist and is therefore becoming the cause of low COVIDâ19 vaccination rates in Pakistan. Aim To provide insights about COVIDâ19 vaccine hesitancy among Pakistanis, and its potential harm on public health. Moreover, we aim provide recommendations to counter the factors limiting the COVIDâ19 vaccination in Pakistan. Methodology A Boolean search was conducted to find the literature in MEDLINEâPubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov databases up till March 16, 2022. Specific keywords were used which comprised of âSARSâCoVâ2,â âCOVIDâ19,â âvaccine hesitancy,â âvaccine acceptance,â âintention to vaccinate,â and âPakistan,â with use of âORâ and âAND.â Only free fullâtext original studies in English language were used to compare and contrast. Results As proven by various studies, COVIDâ19 vaccination rates are influenced by multiple factors, including inaccurate beliefs about COVIDâ19, hesitancy amongst healthcare workers, uncertainty regarding vaccine's efficacy and fear of side effects. Various conspiracy theories and lower testing rates among others also add up to impose a negative impact on the vaccination rates and public health of Pakistan. This may lead to newer strains of potentially harmful COVIDâ19, mental health deterioration, and prolonged lockdowns. Conclusion Vaccine hesitancy is a global public health threat, and its impacts are pronounced in Pakistan. This is reflected in the COVIDâ19 pandemic; low vaccination rates in Pakistan may lead to future outbreaks of new, potentially harmful, strains of COVIDâ19 which can prolong lockdowns in the country and affect mental health of the population. To improve the current situations, it is imperative for the government, educational institutes, and healthcare systems to develop trust and continually use dialogue, communication, and education to address misconceptions to improve COVIDâ19 vaccination in Pakistan
Better understanding extrapulmonary tuberculosis: A scoping review of public health impact in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and Bangladesh
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: South Asian countries, including Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and Bangladesh, have a high prevalence of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). This prevalence is influenced by various risk factors such as ethnicity, nutrition, socioeconomic disparities, high out-of-pocket healthcare expenses, and specific Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB) lineages. The COVID-19 pandemic has likely hindered access to healthcare and led to under-reporting of EPTB cases nationally and internationally. This rapid review aimed to summarize the literature on the prevalence and disease outcomes of EPTB in the mentioned countries, compare the situations across countries, and provide recommendations for future action.METHODS: The review utilized PubMed and Google Scholar databases to search for literature on EPTB in South Asian countries. The search string included keywords related to different forms of EPTB and the countries of interest while excluding pulmonary tuberculosis.RESULTS: The results showed that both TB, including drug-resistant TB, and EPTB are prevalent and burdensome in South Asia. In Pakistan, pleural TB was the most commonly reported form of EPTB, followed by lymph node TB, abdominal TB, osteoarticular TB, Central Nervous System TB, and miliary TB. In India, lymph node TB(LNTB) was more common among EPTB cases. Bangladesh reported a high prevalence of EPTB involving lymph node, pleura, and abdomen, while Afghanistan had a higher prevalence of forms such as LNTB and tuberculous meningitis.CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the prevalence of EPTB in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and Bangladesh is alarmingly high and negatively impacts population health. Effective measures are needed for treatment and management of this condition, along with addressing current and future challenges. Strengthening the evidence base through surveillance and research is crucial to understand the patterns and significant factors related to EPTB, requiring investment in these areas.</p
Awake prone positioning for non-intubated COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Introduction: Awake prone positioning (APP) has been widely applied in non-intubated patients with COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. However, the results from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are inconsistent. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of APP and to identify the subpopulations that may benefit the most from it. Methods: We searched five electronic databases from inception to August 2022 (PROSPERO registration: CRD42022342426). We included only RCTs comparing APP with supine positioning or standard of care with no prone positioning. Our primary outcomes were the risk of intubation and all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included the need for escalating respiratory support, length of ICU and hospital stay, ventilation-free days, and adverse events. Results: We included 11 RCTs and showed that APP reduced the risk of requiring intubation in the overall population (RR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74â0.95; moderate certainty). Following the subgroup analyses, a greater benefit was observed in two patient cohorts: those receiving a higher level of respiratory support (compared with those receiving conventional oxygen therapy) and those in intensive care unit (ICU) settings (compared to patients in non-ICU settings). APP did not decrease the risk of mortality (RR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.77â1.11; moderate certainty) and did not increase the risk of adverse events. Conclusions: In patients with COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, APP likely reduced the risk of requiring intubation, but failed to demonstrate a reduction in overall mortality risk. The benefits of APP are most noticeable in those requiring a higher level of respiratory support in an ICU environment
COVID-19 and mucormycosis superinfection: exploring the missing pathophysiological links
The coronavirus disease 2019 continues to unearth new facets that portend grave clinical implications. In recent times, there has been mounting fervor regarding coronavirus disease 2019 and mucormycosis superinfection. While the correlation between the two is conspicuous, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that render a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 susceptible to mucormycosis, or vice versa, are still elusive