Hippocampal subfield volumes are associated with verbal memory after first‐ever ischemic stroke

INTRODUCTION: Hippocampal subfield volumes are more closely associated with cognitive impairment than whole hippocampal volume in many diseases. Both memory and whole hippocampal volume decline after stroke. Understanding the subfields’ temporal evolution could reveal valuable information about post‐stroke memory. METHODS: We sampled 120 participants (38 control, 82 stroke), with cognitive testing and 3T‐MRI available at 3 months and 3 years, from the Cognition and Neocortical Volume after Stroke (CANVAS) study. Verbal memory was assessed using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test‐Revised. Subfields were delineated using FreeSurfer. We used partial Pearson's correlation to assess the associations between subfield volumes and verbal memory scores, adjusting for years of education, sex, and stroke side. RESULTS: The left cornu ammonis areas 2/3 and hippocampal tail volumes were significantly associated with verbal memory 3‐month post‐stroke. At 3 years, the associations became stronger and involved more subfields. DISCUSSION: Hippocampal subfield volumes may be a useful biomarker for post‐stroke cognitive impairment

A Common Nomenclature for Stated Preference Elicitation Approaches

Contingent valuation, Discrete choice modeling, Survey questions, Q51, D6, H4, I18, M31,

Ammon’s Horn 2 (CA2) of the Hippocampus: A Long-Known Region with a New Potential Role in Neurodegeneration

The hippocampus has a critical role in cognition and human memory and is one of the most studied structures in the brain. Despite more than 400 years of research, little is known about the Ammon's horn region cornu ammonis 2 (CA2) subfield in comparison to other subfield regions (CA1, CA3, and CA4). Recent findings have shown that CA2 plays a bigger role than previously thought. Here, we review understanding of hippocampus and CA2 ontogenesis, together with basic and clinical findings about the potential role of this region in neurodegenerative disease. The CA2 has widespread anatomical connectivity, unique signaling molecules, and intrinsic electrophysiological properties. Experimental studies using in vivo models found that the CA2 region has a role in cognition, especially in social memory and object recognition. In models of epilepsy and hypoxia, the CA2 exhibits higher resilience to cell death and hypoxia in comparison with neighboring regions, and while hippocampal atrophy remains poorly understood in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), findings from postmortem PD brain demonstrates clear accumulation of α-synuclein pathology in CA2, and the CA2-CA3 region shows relatively more atrophy compared with other hippocampal subfields. Taken together, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the CA2 can be an ideal hallmark with which to differentiate different neurodegenerative stages of PD. Here, we summarize these recent data and provide new perspectives/ideas for future investigations to unravel the contribution of the CA2 to neurodegenerative diseases.Innovative and Technology Fund (ITS/381/15) of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Governmen