Investigation of activation cross-sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on natTl up to 42 MeV: review, new data and evaluation

Cross-sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on natural thallium have been studied for investigation of the production of the medical important 201Tl diagnostic radioisotope. The excitation functions of 204mPb, 203Pb, 202mPb, 201Pb, 200Pb, 199Pb, 202Tl (direct, cumulative), 201Tl (direct, cumulative), 200Tl(direct), and 203Hg were measured up to 42 MeV proton energy by stacked foil technique and activation method. The experimental data were compared with the critically analyzed experimental data in the literature, with the IAEA recommended data and with the results of model calculations by using the ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE-II and TALYS codes

Experimental Study of Excitation Functions for the Deuteron Induced Reactions 64Zn(d,2p)64Cu and 64Zn(d,an)61Cu Using the Stacked-Foil Technique

There is considerable, and growing, interest in the 64Cu radioisotope for application in Nuclear Medicine for PET imaging and targeted radiotherapy of tumours. We are investigating the cyclotron production of this isotope by way of deuteron bombardment of enriched 64Zn target material. In this study, experimental excitation functions for both the 64Zn(d,2p)64Cu and 64Zn(d,an)61Cu reactions up to 18.2MeV deuteron energy have been measured using the stacked-foil technique. The deuteron energies in the various foils were calculated with the SRIM 2003 code and g-ray spectrometry was used to measure the activities of the various radioisotopes produced. Monitor foils were used to determine the deuteron beam current on the target stack. Theoretical excitation functions, calculated both with the Empire II code and with an updated version of the Alice code, were compared with the experimental results and a reasonable agreement was found. The experimental work was performed at the MC40 Cyclotron at the European Commission¿s Joint Research Centre at Ispra, Italy.JRC.I.4-Nanotechnology and Molecular Imagin

Investigation of the deuteron induced nuclear reaction cross sections on lutetium up to 50 MeV: review of production routes for 177Lu, 175Hf and 172Hf via charged particle activation

In a systematic study of light charged particle induced nuclear reactions we investigated the excitation functions of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on natural lutetium targets. Experimental excitation functions up to 50 MeV on high purity natLu were determined using the standard stacked foil activation technique. High resolution of-line gamma-ray spectrometry was applied to assess the activity of each foil. From the measured activity direct and/or cumulative elemental cross-section data for production of 171,172,173,175Hf, 171,172,173,174g,176m,177m,177gLu and 169Yb radioisotopes were determined. The experimental data were compared to results of the TALYS theoretical code taken from the TENDL databases and results of our calculations using the ALICE-IPPE-D and the EMPIRE-D codes. No earlier experimental data were found in the literature. Thick target yields for the investigated radionuclides were calculated from the measured excitation functions

Proton and deuteron induced reactions on natGa: Experimental and calculated excitation functions

Cross-sections for reactions on natGa, induced by protons (up to 65 MeV) and deuterons (up to 50 MeV), producing c-emitting radionuclides with half-lives longer than 1 h were measured in a stacked-foil irradiation using thin Ga–Ni alloy (70–30%) targets electroplated on Cu or Au backings. Excitation functions for generation of 68,69Ge, 66,67,68,72Ga and 65,69mZn on natGa are discussed, relative to the monitor reactions natAl(d,x)24,22Na, natAl(p,x)24,22Na, natCu(p,x)62Zn and natNi(p,x)57Ni. The results are compared to our earlier measurements, the scarce literature values and to the results of the code TALYS 1.6 (online database TENDL-2014)

Limitation of the long-lived (121)Te contaminant in production of (123)I through the (124)Xe(p,x) route

The 13.2 h half-life radioisotope (123)I is widely used in clinical nuclear medicine diagnosis. At present it is mostly produced in nca form by proton irradiation of highly enriched (124)Xe in dedicated gas target set-ups and relying on the decay chain (123)Cs-(123)Xe-(123)I. Depending on the irradiation conditions contamination with long-lived (121)Te, a daughter product of the co-produced rather short lived (121)I, occurs and can limit the useful shelf life of the (123)I solution. Excitation function of the (124)Xe(p,α)(121)I, (124)Xe(p,2n)(123)Cs and (124)Xe(p,2p)(123)Xe reactions are measured up to 35 MeV using the stacked gas cell technique and high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. The experimental data were compared with the earlier literature values, with new results of the ALICE-IPPE and EMPIRE-II codes and with the data taken from the TENDL-2009 database. Existing discrepancies in cross-section data are largely solved and new recommended values are proposed. From fits to the new excitation curves integral (123)I batch yields and (121)Te contaminations for realistic production conditions are derived. Optimization of irradiation and cooling times and energy degradation in the target can strongly influence the contamination level

New data on cross-sections of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on gold up to 50 MeV and comparison of production routes of medically relevant Au and Hg radioisotopes

Investigations of cross-sections of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on gold were extended up to 50 MeV by using the standard stacked foil irradiation technique and high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. New cross-sections are reported for the 197Au(d,xn)197m,197g,195m,195g,193m,193gHg and 197Au(d,x)198m,198g,196m,196g,195,194Au nuclear reactions. The application for production of the medically relevant isotopes 198Au and 195m,195g,197m,197gHg is discussed, including the comparison with other charged particle induced production routes. The possible use of the 197Au(d,x)197m,197g,195m,193mHg and 196m,196gAu reactions for monitoring deuteron beam parameters is also investigated