Rizikove faktory vzniku karcinomu prsu.

Breast cancer currently represents one of the most challenging epidemiological issues in the Czech Republic. Every year, more than 4500 new cases are diagnosed, and the incidence is still growing up. More than 2000 Czech women die from the disease and this diagnosis is on the first place among causes of death in the age category of 20-54 years. Studying the breast cancer risk factors has two important reasons. First, it enables us to understand the inside of the disease and to disclose the processes leading to neoplastic changes in mamma, and second, as a result we can optimize prevention programs and programs of breast cancer early detection by selecting the high-risk group of women. This could lower the overall mortality and morbidity. The investigation of breast cancer risk factors requires the multidisciplinary approach based on molecular biology and genetic mand, an experimental verification of results in in vivo and in vitro studies and the final validation in case-control and cohort epidemiological studies.Available from STL Prague, CZ / NTK - National Technical LibrarySIGLECZCzech Republi

Orally Administered Probiotics in the Prevention of Chemotherapy (± Radiotherapy)-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

Background: Chemoradiotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity may lead to a significant impairment of the oncological patient’s quality of life, as well as to reduced adherence to the treatment, which may have a negative impact on survival and mortality rates. Objective: The aim of this review was to investigate whether oral probiotic administration prevents chemotherapy (± radiotherapy)-induced gastrointestinal toxicity, particularly diarrhea. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases for randomized controlled trials in English published between 1990 and 2020. We conducted statistical data analyses expressing the treatment effect size as a risk ratio (RR) together with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Implications are based on trials rated as having a low risk of bias (RoB). Results: We included 8 trials (n = 697 participants), from which 3 studies rated as low RoB contained primary endpoint data; the risk of developing grade 3/4 diarrhea in patients receiving probiotics was reduced by 78% compared to the control group (RR = 0.22 [95% CI 0.05-1.08]; P  = .06; n = 114 participants). Probiotics showed preventive effects in patients treated with chemotherapy alone (RR = 0.34 [0.12-0.94]; P  = .04, n = 121 participants) and in patients with colorectal cancer (RR = 0.56 [0.34-0.92]; P  = .02; n = 208 participants). The reduction in the incidence of overall diarrhea was not significant. Conclusions: Probiotics failed to prove a preventive effect of statistical significance against the development of severe and overall diarrhea in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy (± radiotherapy). However, we cannot rule out that the effects of probiotics are clinically relevant, especially in certain subgroups of patients. This needs to be clarified in further well-performed studies