Review on B^0- \bar{\rm \bf{B^0}} mixing and b-lifetimes measurements at CDF/LEP/SLD

A review of the results on B^0- \bar {\rm B^0} mixing and b-lifetimes obtained by CDF, LEP and SLD collaborations is presented with special emphasis on B^0_s- \bar {{\rm B}^0_s} mixing.Comment: 3 page

B0−Bˉ0B^0 - \bar{B}^0 oscillations and measurements of ∣Vub∣/∣Vcb∣|V_{ub}|/|V_{cb}| at LEP

In this paper a review of the LEP analyses on $B^0 - \bar{B}^0$ oscillations and on the measurement of $|V_{ub}|/|V_{cb}|$ is presented . These measurements are of fundamental importance in constraining the $\rho$ and $\eta$ parameters of the CKM matrix. A review of the current status of the $V_{CKM}$ matrix determination is also given.Comment: Talk given at the "HQ98 Conference", Fermilab - Batavia (USA), October 10-12, 199

Current Status of the CKM Matrix and the CP Violation

These lectures give an introduction and the current status of flavour physics in the quark sector, with special attention to the CKM matrix and CP violation. We describe the measurements which contribute to the determination of the CKM matrix elements and how, together with important theoretical developments, they have significantly improved our knowledge on the flavour sector of the Standard Model. These lectures are complemented by the seminar of U. Mallik (see these proceedings) which describes in more details the most recent CP-violating related measurements by the B-factories. The results presented are up-to-date till winter 2004.Comment: Lectures given at the Cargese School of Particle Physics and Cosmology - Cargese, August 4-16th, 200

Determination of Unitarity Triangle parameters: where do we stand ?

In this note I review the current determination of the unitarity triangle parameters by using the theoretical and experimental information available in summer 2000.Comment: Invited talk given at the 7th International Conference on B-Physics at Hadron Machines- Beauty2000, Kibbutz Maagan, Israel, September 13-18, 200

A trilingual dictionary Yilumbu–French–English : an ongoing project

In this article, an account is given of the planning of a trilingual dictionary Yilumbu– French–English. The focus is on the target user, the purpose, nature and typology of the planned dictionary. Attention is also paid to some macro- and microstructural issues. For example, all types of lexical items, including multiword lexical items, are given lemma status. Moreover all items are included according to the word tradition and on account of their usage frequency in the corpus. Apart from these aspects, types of dialectal forms as well as the type of special-field lexical items are also discussed. From a microstructural point of view, this article investigates different kinds of data types to be considered for inclusion in complex articles in particular. User-friendliness parameters and innovative access structure procedures also come into play.Cet article rend compte de la planification d'un dictionnaire trilingue yilumbu–français– anglais. Le centre d'intérêt réside au niveau du public cible, l'objectif, la nature et la typologie du dictionnaire proposé. Une attention est aussi accordée à quelques problèmes macro- et microstructurels. Par exemple, tous les types d'items lexicaux, y compris les items lexicaux formés de plusieurs mots, reçoivent le statut de lemme. En outre, tous les termes sont inclus selon la tradition dumot et sur la base de leur fréquence d'emploi dans le corpus. Hormis ces aspects, les types de formes dialectales ainsi que le type d'items lexicaux de spécialité sont également discutés. D'un point de vue microstructurel, cet article explore différents types de données à considérer pour inclusion dans les articles complexes en particulier. Les paramètres de clarté et de lisibilité ainsi que des procédés propre à la structure d'accès sont également pris en compte

Debussey's Lyric Scene: L'Enfant Prodigue

The musical "L'Enfant Prodigue" was presented in conjunction with The S.A. Ballet Club under the direction of Jean Cook. It was staged at The Hut on 22 March 1947

On issues of labelling in the dictionnaire Français–Mpongwé : a case-study

Dictionaries contain lexicographic data whose occurrence is restricted to certain geo-graphical areas, subject fields, professions, etc. It is part of the duties of the lexicographer to give an account of such deviations to ensure a successful retrieval of the information on the part of the user. This contribution presents a discussion on labelling issues in the Dictionnaire Français–Mpongwé. Although the main focus is on the presentation of different types of labelling as well as problems in labelling, textual condensation procedures and mediostructural representations (to-gether with some aspects of the user perspective) are also critically evaluated. It is shown that these procedures reveal some inconsistencies which are not accounted for in the outer texts (front matter and back matter texts) of the dictionary. Finally suggestions are made for the improvement of the access structure of this dictionary.Les dictionnaires contiennent des données lexico-graphiques dont l'occurrence est restreinte à une région géographique donnée, un champ de con-naissance, une profession, etc. Il est du devoir du lexicographe de prendre en compte ces dévia-tions afin d'assurer un transfert d'information positif au niveau de l'utilisateur. La présente contri-bution présent une discussion sur les problèmes d'étiquetage dans le Dictionnaire Français–Mpongwé. Bien que le principal centre d'intérêt se situe au niveau de la présentation des différentes catégories d'étiquettes ainsi que les problèmes d'étiquetage, les procédés de condensation textuelles et les représentations mediostructurelles (accompagnées de quelques aspects relatifs aux utilisateurs du dictionnaire) sont également critiquement évalués. Il est démontré que ces procédés révèlent quel-ques inconsistances qui ne sont pas rendues au niveau des textes externes (prétextes et posttextes) du dictionnaire. Finalement, des suggestions sont faites dans le sens de l'amélioration de la struc-ture d'accès de ce dictionnaire

Macro- and microstructural issues in Mazuna lexicography

All the works in Mazuna lexicography have a common denominator: they are translation dictionaries biased towards French and were compiled by Catholic and Protestant missionaries or colonial administrators. These dictionaries have both strong and weak points. The macrostructure although it does not display features of sophistication, i.e. the use of niching and nesting procedures, tends to survey the full lexicon of the language which make these dictionaries real reservoirs of knowledge. The microstructure contains a lot of useful entries. However, no metalexicographic discussion is provided in the user's guide to make it accessible to the target reader. There are also some shortcomings especially in the areas of suprasegmental phonology (absence of tonal indications) and orthography.Tous les travaux en lexicographie Mazuna ont un dénominateur commun: ce sont des dictionnaires de traduction centrés sur le français et compilés par les missionnaires catholiques et protestants ou les administrateurs coloniaux. Ces dictionnaires ont à la fois des avantages et des inconvénients. Bien que ne présentant pas de caractéristiques de sophistication, par exemple l'usage de procédures de nichification et de nidification, la macrostructure tend à donner une vue d'ensemble du lexique de la langue, ce qui fait de ces dictionnaires de véritables réservoirs de connaissance. La microstructure contient de nombreuses entrées utiles. Mais aucune discussion métalexicographique n'est présentée dans le guide aux usagers pour les leurs rendre accessible. Il y a également des manquements, spécialement dans le domaine de la phonologie suprasegmentale (absence d'indications tonales) et de l'orthographe

Synopsis articles in the planning of a trilingual dictionary ; Yilumbu–French–English

A distinction is often drawn between single articles and synopsis articles. A single article is the so-called default article. It does not deviate from the traditional microstructural approach of the dictionary because it presents the minimum data for each lemma sign treated, while a synopsis article gives additional data for each treated lemma. The classical conception of the synopsis article originates with Bergenholtz, Tarp and Wiegand (1999). In their view, synopsis articles which were devised for language for special purposes (LSP) dictionaries have to make provision for the treatment of lemma signs functioning as superordinate terms (general lemmata or topics) as well as their hyponyms. The aim of this article is to present a new lexicographic approach to the study of synopsis articles against the background of a planned trilingual dictionary. It will be shown that synopsis articles have a more general use than its restricted application in LSP dictionaries. In fact, the focus will not be on the treatment of technical or scientific vocabulary but rather on cultural terms. This article also raises among other things, questions about the purpose of the planned dictionary, its target users, different types of microstructures as well as different data categories to be included in synopsis articles.Une distinction est souvent faite entre articles simples et articles synopsis. L'article simple est encore connu sous la dénomination d'article par défaut. Il ne dévie pas de l'approche microstructurelle traditionnelle du dictionnaire parce qu'il présente le minimum pour chaque lemme traité, alors qu'un article synopsis offre des données additives pour chaque lemme traité. La conception classique d'article synopsis est de Bergenholtz, Tarp et Wiegand (1999). De leur point de vue pour les articles synopsis qui ont été conçus pour des dictionnaires de langue de spécialité (LSP), des dispositions doivent être prises pour le traitement de signeslemmes fonctionnant comme termes superordonnés (lemmes généraux ou thèmes) ainsi que leurs hyponymes. L'objectif de cet article est de présenter une approche lexicographique nouvelle pour l'étude des articles synopsis avec en toile de fond un dictionnaire trilingue en proposition. Il sera montré que les articles synopsis ont un usage plus large que leur application limitée aux dictionnaires LSP. En effet, le centre d'intérêt portera non pas sur le traitement des termes du vocabulaire 182 P.A. Mavoungou technique ou scientifique mais plutôt sur des termes culturels. Cet article soulève également entre autres choses des interrogations quant à la visée du dictionnaire proposé, ses utilisateurs cibles, les différents types de microstructures ainsi que les différentes catégories de données à inclure pour chaque article synopsis

Emergence of Invariance and Disentanglement in Deep Representations

Using established principles from Statistics and Information Theory, we show that invariance to nuisance factors in a deep neural network is equivalent to information minimality of the learned representation, and that stacking layers and injecting noise during training naturally bias the network towards learning invariant representations. We then decompose the cross-entropy loss used during training and highlight the presence of an inherent overfitting term. We propose regularizing the loss by bounding such a term in two equivalent ways: One with a Kullbach-Leibler term, which relates to a PAC-Bayes perspective; the other using the information in the weights as a measure of complexity of a learned model, yielding a novel Information Bottleneck for the weights. Finally, we show that invariance and independence of the components of the representation learned by the network are bounded above and below by the information in the weights, and therefore are implicitly optimized during training. The theory enables us to quantify and predict sharp phase transitions between underfitting and overfitting of random labels when using our regularized loss, which we verify in experiments, and sheds light on the relation between the geometry of the loss function, invariance properties of the learned representation, and generalization error.Comment: Deep learning, neural network, representation, flat minima, information bottleneck, overfitting, generalization, sufficiency, minimality, sensitivity, information complexity, stochastic gradient descent, regularization, total correlation, PAC-Baye