Characterization of volatile components of Kangra orthodox black tea by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

To characterize Kangra tea flavour, volatile components of Kangra orthodox black tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) were isolated by two different methods viz. simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and hydrodistillation, and analysed by GC–MS. The composition of the volatile components extracted by the two methods differed considerably. A total of 101 compounds were tentatively identified in Kangra tea by matching EI mass spectra and retention indices with the literature data. Fifty compounds, constituting the major part of the volatiles (98.4 ± 0.4%) were detected in all the three replicates of made tea obtained by SDE. Major volatile components identified in Kangra tea were (E)-2-hexenal, 1-pentene-3-ol, and (Z)-3-hexenol among non-terpenoids and linalool, linalool oxides (furanoid), geraniol, methyl salicylate, 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol, and epoxylinalol among terpenoids. The total volatile oil yield was about 0.02% by Clevenger type apparatus. SDE was found to be a more efficient technique than the other distillation processes for characterizing volatile components in terms of sample size and components extracted, and the extracted flavour was also closer to Kangra made tea

Early versus late endoscopic treatment of pancreatic necrotic collections: A Systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and aims Recently studies have compared early (4 weeks) endoscopic treatment of pancreatic necrotic collections (PNC) and have reported favorable results for early treatment. In this meta-analysis, we compared the efficacy and safety of early vs. late endoscopic treatment of PNC. Methods We reviewed several databases from inception to September 30, 2021 to identify studies that compared early with late endoscopic treatment of PNC. Our outcomes of interest were adverse events, resolution of PNC, performance of direct endoscopic necrosectomy, need for further interventions and mean number of endoscopic necrosectomy sessions. We calculated pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for categorical variables and mean differences (MD) with 95% CI for continuous variables. Data were analyzed by random effect model. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2 statistic. Results We included 4 studies with 427 patients. We found no significant difference in rates of adverse events, RR (95% CI) 1.70 (0.56, 5.20), resolution of necrotic or fluid collections, RR (95% CI) 0.89 (0.71, 1.11), need for further interventions, RR (95% CI) 1.47 (0.70, 3.08), direct necrosectomy, RR (95% CI) 1.39 (0.22, 8.80), mortality, RR (95% CI) 2.37 (0.26, 21.72) and mean number of endoscopic necrosectomy sessions, MD (95% CI) 1.58 (-0.20, 3.36) between groups. Conclusions Early endoscopic treatment of PNC can be considered for indications such as infected necrosis or sterile necrosis with symptoms or complications, however, future large multicenter studies are required to further evaluate its safety

Outcomes of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Treatment of Superficial Pharyngeal Cancers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Studies evaluating the role of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the management of superficial pharyngeal cancers have reported promising results. This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of ESD in the management of superficial pharyngeal cancers. METHODS: We reviewed several databases from inception to September 03, 2020, to identify studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of ESD in the management of superficial pharyngeal cancers. Our outcomes of interest were en bloc resection rate, complete resection rate, adverse events, and rates of local recurrence. Pooled rates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all outcomes were calculated using random-effect model. Heterogeneity was assessed by I statistic. We assessed publication bias by using funnel plots and Egger\u27s test. We conducted meta-regression analysis to explore heterogeneity in analyses. RESULTS: Ten studies were included in analyses. All studies were from Asia. Pooled rates (95% CI) for en bloc resection and complete resection were 94% (87%, 97%) and 72% (62%, 80%), respectively. The pooled rates (95% CI) for adverse events and local recurrence were 10% (5%, 17%) and 1.9% (0.9%, 4%), respectively. Most of the analyses were limited by substantial heterogeneity. On meta-regression analysis, the heterogeneity was explained by size of tumor and histology. Funnel plots and Egger\u27s test showed no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis including studies from Asian countries demonstrated that ESD is an efficacious and safe option in the management of superficial pharyngeal cancers. More studies and studies from Western countries are needed to further validate these findings