Aprendiendo bonito. Análisis de los proyectos de comunicación, educación y participación para la conservación de la biodiversidad: Casos de estudio de España y Costa Rica

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología. Fecha de lectura: 23-10-201

What is the ‘problem’ of gender inequality represented to be in the Swedish forest sector?

Funding Information: We would like to thank our informants for their time and insights, as well as the wider international SEQUAL project (Social-ecological relations and gender equality: Dynamics and processes for transformational change across scales) members. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers who provided valuable comments on this article. This research is funded by the Swedish Research Council (project number 2018-00988 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The AuthorsGender equality in natural resource management is a matter of sustainability and democracy for Sweden's government, however the country's forest remains a highly gender-segregated sector. We examine how gender inequality is problematized within Swedish forest and rural policy documents using the What's the problem represented to be? (WPR) approach. We build on previous efforts to investigate gender inequality in the forest sector by expanding the critical analysis to rural development policy. We conduct interviews with forest experts, owners, and practitioners to shed light on where there are gaps within the policy representations and uncover alternative policy options that are presented. Our findings corroborate that gender inequality is represented to be a technical problem, with policy measures aiming to increase the number of women within a forest sector that continues to maintain rigid conceptions about forestry production values. While there are claims of success in the increase of women within the sector in aggregate, there is little change in the numbers of women in decision-making positions. Forest policy relies upon women to bring growth and sustainability to the forest industry, while rural policy expects women to halt rural population decline. Our findings suggest that merely trying to fit more women into a mold that has been shaped for and by inflexible forestry and masculine values is an impediment not only to gender equality but also to the inclusion of other social groups and ideas in the changing rural landscapes of Sweden.Peer reviewe

Transdisciplinary learning as a key leverage for sustainability transformations

Learning and transdisciplinary research are widely acknowledged as key components for achieving sustainability; however, the links between these concepts remain vague in the sustainability literature. Recently, emphasis has been given to transdisciplinary learning, highlighting its potential as an approach that contributes to solving real-world problems. To better understand and foster transdisciplinary learning for sustainability transformations, it is relevant to pay attention to two dimensions that define transdisciplinary learning: social interaction (individual learning in a social setting, as a group, or beyond the group), and learning forms (single-, double-, or triple-loop learning). This article introduces a conceptual framework built upon these two dimensions to understand three specific forms of transdisciplinary learning as a) individual competence development, b) experience-based collaboration, and c) societal interaction. This framework helps to clarify the design of learning processes as well as their interactions in transdisciplinary processes to support transformative change

When Policies Problematize the Local: Social-Environmental Justice and Forest Policies in Burkina Faso and Vietnam

We examine social-environmental justice in forest governance by asking who is problematized as drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. We adapt Bacchi’s “What is the problem represented to be” approach to the community forest (CAF) model in Burkina Faso and the Payment for Forest Environmental Services (PFES) in Vietnam and examine the implementation of these policies in specific sites through disaggregated focus group discussions (men, women, youth, ethnic minorities). We delve into the discursive, lived and subjectification effects of the policies’ problematizations, highlighting tensions and contestations relating to forest access and benefits. For both countries, what is left unproblematized in the implicit policy focus on the local is a “communal fix” of indigeneity tied to idealized and collective governance of fixed areas of land and exclusionary processes for those that do not fit the ideal. We argue that market-oriented approach in policies such as CAF and PFES absent of the wider underpinnings of the political and historical forest will only exacerbate social-environmental injustices

¿DE DÓNDE VENIMOS, HACIA DÓNDE VAMOS? HISTORIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN Y LA INTERPRETACIÓN AMBIENTAL EN COSTA RICA

The history of the Environmental Education and interpretation in Costa Rica goes back to the 70s, when the development of the international policies in these areas occurred. We present a description of the evolution of these disciplines from its origins until now, from a four-levels approach: (1) the National System of Conservation Areas, (2) the Ministry of Public Education, (3) the public universities and (4) NGOs. For this aim, we present the results gathered from an exhaustive literature compilation and 20 interviews applied to several experts in Environmental Education and Interpretation in the country. The results show a strong institutional development of Environmental Education in the country. However, in the future it seems necessary to address the issue of coordination among institutions, their continuity in time, and the role to be played by environmental interpretation.La historia de la Educación y la Interpretación Ambiental en Costa Rica se remonta a los años 70, con el desarrollo de las políticas internacionales en estas materias. El artículo que aquí se presenta pretende describir la evolución de estas disciplinas desde sus orígenes hasta la actualidad, desde una aproximación a cuatro niveles: (1) el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, (2) el Ministerio de Educación Pública, (3) las universidades públicas y (4) las ONGs. Para ello se presentan los resultados de una exhaustiva compilación bibliográfica y 20 entrevistas realizadas a diversos expertos(as) en Educación e Interpretación Ambiental en el país. Los resultados muestran un fuerte desarrollo institucional de la Educación Ambiental en el país. Sin embargo, de cara al futuro parece necesario abordar la cuestión de la coordinación entre instituciones, su continuidad en el tiempo, así como el papel que debe jugar la Interpretación Ambiental

Mapping ecosystem services in Colombia: Analysis of synergies, trade-offs and bundles in environmental management

Ecosystem services (ES) have gained significant attention in recent years from the global environmental initiatives that involve science and policy. Multiple scholars have analyzed how ES are integrated with environmental policies, plans, and strategic assessments. However, there is a lack of information on how countries translate these policies, plans and assessments into concrete environmental management actions that integrate an explicit ES approach. To help fill this gap, we analyze how the Colombian Regional Autonomous Corporations (CARs) have used the ES approach in their environmental management projects implemented between 2004 and 2015. This study aims to analyze the type and diversity of ES managed by the CARs, as well as the synergies, trade-offs, and bundles of ES prioritized by them. We used content analysis of the CARs reports and statistical analysis to explore whether CARs explicitly use the ES concept. Our results showed that provisioning, regulating, and cultural ES were similarly prioritized by the CARs, however, explicit mention of ES was limited. Regulating services showed remarkable potential for synergies, and there was a pattern of trade-offs between cultural and some regulating and provisioning services. We found three bundles of ES: “Restoration and conservation of agrosystems”, “Mosaic of services” and “Farming and fibers” occupying, respectively, 9, 36 and 55% of the total area of Colombia. Our findings show that multiple ES are targeted and affected by environmental management actions. The contribution of this study has the potential to inform adequately policy decisions to be used in environmental management and planning practices to prioritize areas for maximizing ES provisio

Assessing nature-based solutions for transformative change

Nature-based solutions (NbS) have gained considerable traction in science and policy, but their potential to deliver transformative change remains unexplored. We provide a framework to assess NbS under a transformative change lens and operationalize it through 93 NbS from mountain regions globally. We found evidence of NbS’ potential for transformative change toward sustainable trajectories, mostly through a combination of various nature’s values and knowledge types, community engagement processes, and ecosystem management practices.ISSN:2590-332

Effect of general anaesthesia on functional outcome in patients with anterior circulation ischaemic stroke having endovascular thrombectomy versus standard care: a meta-analysis of individual patient data

Background: General anaesthesia (GA) during endovascular thrombectomy has been associated with worse patient outcomes in observational studies compared with patients treated without GA. We assessed functional outcome in ischaemic stroke patients with large vessel anterior circulation occlusion undergoing endovascular thrombectomy under GA, versus thrombectomy not under GA (with or without sedation) versus standard care (ie, no thrombectomy), stratified by the use of GA versus standard care. Methods: For this meta-analysis, patient-level data were pooled from all patients included in randomised trials in PuMed published between Jan 1, 2010, and May 31, 2017, that compared endovascular thrombectomy predominantly done with stent retrievers with standard care in anterior circulation ischaemic stroke patients (HERMES Collaboration). The primary outcome was functional outcome assessed by ordinal analysis of the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days in the GA and non-GA subgroups of patients treated with endovascular therapy versus those patients treated with standard care, adjusted for baseline prognostic variables. To account for between-trial variance we used mixed-effects modelling with a random effect for trials incorporated in all models. Bias was assessed using the Cochrane method. The meta-analysis was prospectively designed, but not registered. Findings: Seven trials were identified by our search; of 1764 patients included in these trials, 871 were allocated to endovascular thrombectomy and 893 were assigned standard care. After exclusion of 74 patients (72 did not undergo the procedure and two had missing data on anaesthetic strategy), 236 (30%) of 797 patients who had endovascular procedures were treated under GA. At baseline, patients receiving GA were younger and had a shorter delay between stroke onset and randomisation but they had similar pre-treatment clinical severity compared with patients who did not have GA. Endovascular thrombectomy improved functional outcome at 3 months both in patients who had GA (adjusted common odds ratio (cOR) 1·52, 95% CI 1·09–2·11, p=0·014) and in those who did not have GA (adjusted cOR 2·33, 95% CI 1·75–3·10, p<0·0001) versus standard care. However, outcomes were significantly better for patients who did not receive GA versus those who received GA (covariate-adjusted cOR 1·53, 95% CI 1·14–2·04, p=0·0044). The risk of bias and variability between studies was assessed to be low. Interpretation: Worse outcomes after endovascular thrombectomy were associated with GA, after adjustment for baseline prognostic variables. These data support avoidance of GA whenever possible. The procedure did, however, remain effective versus standard care in patients treated under GA, indicating that treatment should not be withheld in those who require anaesthesia for medical reasons