Photon Mass and Very Long Baseline Interferometry

A relation between the photon mass, its frequency, $\nu$, and the deflection parameter, $\gamma$, determined by experimentalists (which characterizes the contribution of space curvature to gravitational deflection) is found. This amazing result allows us to conclude that the knowledge of the parameters $\nu$ and $\gamma$ is all we need to set up gravitational bounds on the photon mass. By considering as inputs the most recent measurements of the solar gravitational deflection of radio waves obtained via the Very Long Baseline Interferometry, upper bounds on the photon mass are estimated.Comment: Accepted for publication in International Journal of Modern Physics

G\"{o}del-type universes in f(R) gravity

The $f(R)$ gravity theories provide an alternative way to explain the current cosmic acceleration without a dark energy matter component. If gravity is governed by a $f(R)$ theory a number of issues should be reexamined in this framework, including the violation of causality problem on nonlocal scale. We examine the question as to whether the $f(R)$ gravity theories permit space-times in which the causality is violated. We show that the field equations of these $f(R)$ gravity theories do not exclude solutions with breakdown of causality for a physically well-motivated perfect-fluid matter content. We demonstrate that every perfect-fluid G\"{o}del-type solution of a generic $f(R)$ gravity satisfying the condition $df/dR > 0$ is necessarily isometric to the G\"odel geometry, and therefore presents violation of causality. This result extends a theorem on G\"{o}del-type models, which has been established in the context of general relativity. We also derive an expression for the critical radius $r_c$ (beyond which the causality is violated) for an arbitrary $f(R)$ theory, making apparent that the violation of causality depends on both the $f(R)$ gravity theory and the matter content. As an illustration, we concretely take a recent $f(R)$ gravity theory that is free from singularities of the Ricci scalar and is cosmologically viable, and show that this theory accommodates noncausal as well as causal G\"odel-type solutions.Comment: 7 pages, V3: Version to appear in Phys. Rev. D (2009), typos corrected, the generality of our main results is emphasized. The illustrative character of a particular theory is also made explici

Gravitational Rainbow

It is shown that unlike Einstein's gravity quadratic gravity produces dispersive photon propagation. The energy-dependent contribution to the deflection of photons passing by the Sun is computed and subsequently the angle at which the visible spectrum would be spread over is plotted as a function of the $R_{\mu\nu}^2-$sector mass

Constraints on non-minimally coupled curved space electrodynamics from astrophysical observations

We study interactions of electro-magnetic fields with the curvature tensor of the form $\lambda R_{\mu \nu \alpha \beta}F^{\mu \nu}F^{\alpha \beta}$. Such coupling terms though are invariant under general coordinate transformation and CPT, however violate the Einstein equivalence principle. These couplings do not cause any energy dependent dispersion of photons but they exhibit birefringence. We put constraints on the coupling constant $\lambda$ using results from solar system radar ranging experiments and millisecond-pulsar observations. We find that the most stringent constraint comes from pulsar observations and is given by $\lambda < 10^{11} cm^2$ obtained from the timing of binary pulsar PSR B1534+12.Comment: 9 pages latex, accepted in CQ

Metric-scalar gravity with torsion and the measurability of the non-minimal coupling

The "measurability" of the non-minimal coupling is discussed by considering the correction to the Newtonian static potential in the semi-classical approach. The coefficient of the "gravitational Darwin term" (GDT) gets redefined by the non-minimal torsion-scalar couplings. Based on a similar analysis of the GDT in the effective field theory approach to non-minimal scalar we conclude that for reasonable values of the couplings the correction is very small.Comment: 10 pages, LaTex. Accepted for publication in Mod. Phys. Lett.

Amostragem de solo para recomendação de calagem e adubação.

Para a recomendação de calagem e adubação, objetivando uma produção economicamente viável e ambientalmente correta, é fundamental a análise química do solo. Esta análise avalia a acidez (pH), a disponibilidade de nutrientes (P, K, Ca e Mg) ou a presença de alumínio (Al) no solo, em nível tóxico para as culturas, de forma rápida e a baixo custo. A primeira e mais crítica etapa da análise química refere-se ao processo de amostragem do solo. Alguns passos devem ser observados nessa fase, pois um erro na amostragem poderá comprometer as etapas seguintes na definição das quantidades de calcário e fertilizantes a serem aplicadas na cultura. A época de amostragem varia com o manejo do solo, a cultura e outros fatores. Para culturas anuais, recomenda-se que a amostragem seja feita no final do periódo chuvoso, portanto com antecedência em relação ao novo plantio. Se houver necessidade de aplicar calcário, será possível atender a recomendação, realizando a aplicação no prazo de 30 a 60 dias antes do plantio. Para culturas perenes em produção , a amostragem deve ser realizada preferencialmente logo após a colheita e antes de aplicar a adubação para o novo ciclo.bitstream/CNPMF-2010/26589/1/folder-amostragem-solo.pd

Uso de carvão como filtro para manipueira visando produção de fertilizante de liberação lenta.

Os subprodutos resultantes do processamento da mandioca têm sido grandes responsáveis por sérios problemas de contaminação do meio ambiente, poluindo solos e cursos de água doce. A manipueira é o resíduo líquido gerado pela prensagem das raízes nas indústrias de processamento de mandioca. A biomassa carbonizada (biochar) utilizada como filtro para resíduo líquido, a manipueira, possibilita a redução da carga poluente desse resíduo.PDF. 074_11