Scala coeli.memoria y meditación en dos imágenes devocionales del renacimiento italiano

El artículo que presentamos se pregunta en qué medida la mnemotecnia que la religiosidad cristiana heredó de la Antigüedad y de la Edad media puede explicar o relacionarse con determinadas características visuales presentes en las imágenes devocionales del Renacimiento temprano y su función al interior de la meditación y la oración, más allá de la explícita relación con las imágenes agentes y su articu- lación en una sucesión ordenada de lugares. considera en particular el término via que Juan casiano desarrolla en la primera de sus Conferencias espirituales, una noción equivalente al concepto de ductus utilizado por la retórica tardoantigua para caracterizar el recorrido que el pensamiento traza en la composición retórica hacia los distintos objetivos que ella se ha impuesto. como las partes que componen al ductus retórico, las pinturas y las esculturas de este período tienen zonas visual- mente más relevantes y, a diferencia de los textos escritos, múltiples posibilidades de trayectos de mirada. Tomando como punto de partida la figura mnemotécnica de la escala, el artículo analiza desde esta perspectiva la Trinidad de masaccio y la Virgen de la escalera de miguel Ángel

Estándares probatorios y dilemas jurídicos en la identificación de restos de personas víctimas de desaparición forzada. Una mirada desde la experiencia chilena

El desafío de la búsqueda de las personas víctimas de desaparición forzada comprende usualmente el de la recuperación de la identidad de los restos que logran ser hallados. Este trabajo releva la dimensión jurídica de la identificación y su calidad de decisión acerca de la prueba de un hecho, que puede ser analizada con las herramientas conceptuales de la teoría de la prueba jurídica. Sobre esa base, se aborda la pregunta sobre el estándar de prueba aplicable y se ofrece un análisis basado en la experiencia chilena reciente, en la que se ha tendido a consolidar la prueba positiva de ADN como una suerte de golden standard, exclusivo y excluyente, para la identificación. A menudo, sin embargo, ese resultado no se puede alcanzar por deterioro del ADN en las muestras de restos obtenidos, por la escasez de las muestras dada la práctica de exhumaciones clandestinas o por falta de muestras de parientes para comparación. El trabajo explora las preguntas que se abren entonces, tanto respecto de la posibilidad de que otra clase de pruebas forenses sean aceptables y suficientes como sobre el trato que se debe dar a los restos cuya identificación no resulta actualmente posible

D5.5 Impacts of future scenarios on the resilience of farming systems across the EU assessed with quantitative and qualitative methods

For improving the sustainability and resilience of EU farming systems, it is important to assess their likely responses to future challenges under future scenarios. In the SURE-Farm project, a five-steps framework was developed to assess the resilience of farming systems. The steps are the following: 1) characterizing the farming system (resilience of what?), 2) identifying the challenges (resilience to what?), 3) identifying the desired functions (resilience for which purpose?), 4) assessing resilience capacities, and 5) assessing resilience attributes. For assessing the resilience of future farming systems, we took the same approach as for current farming systems, with the addition that future challenges were placed in the context of a set of possible future scenarios, (i.e., Eur-Agri-SSP scenarios). We evaluated future resilience in 11 case studies across the EU, using a soft coupling of different qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach was FoPIA-SUREFarm 2, a participatory approach in which stakeholders identified critical thresholds for current systems, evaluated expected system performance when these thresholds would be exceeded, envisaged alternative future states of the systems (and their impact on indicators and resilience attributes), as well as strategies to get there. Quantitative approaches included models simulating the behavior of the systems under some specific challenges and scenarios. The models differed in assumptions and aspects of the farming systems described: Ecosystem Service modelling focused on the biophysical level (considering land cover and nitrogen fluxes), AgriPoliS considered, with an agent-based approach, socio-economic processes and interactions within the farming system, and System Dynamics, taking a holistic approach, explored some of the feedback loops mechanisms influencing the systems resilience from both a qualitative and quantitative approach. Each method highlighted different aspects of the farming systems. For each case study, results coming from different methods were discussed and compared. The FoPIA-SURE-Farm 2 assessment highlighted that most farming systems are close to critical thresholds, primarily for system challenges, but also for system indicators and resilience attributes. System indicators related to food production and economic viability were often considered to be close to critical thresholds. The alternative systems proposed by stakeholders are mostly adaptations of the current system and not transformations. In most case studies, both the current and alternative systems are moderately compatible with 'Eur-Agri-SSP1 – Agriculture on sustainable paths’, but little with other Eur-Agri-SSPs’. From the point of view of ecosystem services and nitrogen fluxes, the more resilient case studies are those able to provide multiple services at the same time (e.g., hazelnut cultivations in Italy and vegetable and fruit cultivation in Poland, able to provide good levels of both food production and carbon storage) and those well connected with other neighbouring farming systems (e.g., the Dutch case study receiving manure by the livestock sectors). The System Dynamic simulation (applied quantitatively for the Dutch and French case study) highlighted the need to develop resources that can increase farmers’ flexibility (e.g., access to cheap credit, local research and development, and local market). It also showed that innovation, networks, and cooperation contribute to building resilience against economic disturbances while highlighting the challenges for building resilience to environmental threats. From the application of AgriPoliS to the German case study it was concluded that changes in direct payment schemes not only affect the farm size structure, but also the functions of the farming system itself and therefore its resilience. The report showed complementarity between different methods and, above all, between quantitative and qualitative approaches. Qualitative approaches are needed for interaction with stakeholders, understand perceptions of stakeholders, consider available knowledge on all aspects of the farming system, including social dimensions, and perform a good basis for developing and parameterizing quantitative models. Quantitative methods allow quantifying the consequences of mental models, operationalizing the impact of stresses and strategies to tackle them and help to unveil unintended consequences, but are limited in their reach. Both are needed to assess resilience of farming systems and suggest strategies for improvement and to help stakeholders to wider their views regarding potential challenges and ways to tackle them

DE ESPACIOS MARGINALES Y OBRAS EN TRÁNSITO: UNA LECTURA DE INTERIOR DEL LOUVRE DE ALFREDO VALENZUELA PUELMA

Este artículo identifica el lugar y las piezas que el artista chileno Alfredo Valenzuela Puelma pintó en Interior del Louvre (1888) y propone que la elección de este espacio de tránsito, que comunicaba las salas más visitadas del Louvre y que albergaba obras que aún no encontraban su localización definitiva, revela una toma de posición del pintor respecto a la purgación de la colección del Museo de Bellas Artes de Santiago de las pinturas realizadas por los primeros directores y estudiantes pensionistas de la Academia de Pintura. El artículo presta atención a las expectativas de Valenzuela Puelma respecto a las circunstancias en debía ser expuesto Interior del Louvre en Santiago y en París y la persistencia en ambos contextos de discursos clasicistas que prescribían o limitaban la presencia de conjuntos de obras al interior de los relatos de la historia del arte y de las colecciones museales

Nutrient provision capacity of alternative livestock farming systems per area of arable farmland required

Although climate impacts of ruminant agriculture are a major concern worldwide, using policy instruments to force grazing farms out of the livestock industry may diminish opportunities to produce nutritious food without exacerbating the food-feed competition for fertile and accessible land resources. Here, we present a new set of quantitative evidence to demonstrate that, per unit of overall nutrient value supplied by a given commodity, the demand for land suitable for human-edible crop production is considerably smaller under ruminant systems than monogastric systems, and consistently so at both farm and regional scales. We also demonstrate that imposition of a naïvely designed “red meat tax” has the potential to invite socioeconomic losses far greater than its environmental benefits, due largely to the induced misallocation of resources at the national scale. Our results reiterate the risk inherent in an excessively climate-focused debate on the role of livestock in human society and call for more multidimensional approaches of sustainability assessment to draw better-balanced policy packages

Understanding farm generational renewal and its influencing factors in Europe

Understanding the complex process of generational renewal (GR) in agriculture is essential for supporting the continuation of farming. This paper demonstrates how multiple factors, simultaneously and through their mutual interactions, influence GR and related individual decision-making processes. Results originated from 155 in-depth interviews performed on 85 farms in eleven European regions, and were triangulated with the literature. Our analysis, combining inductive and deductive approaches, revealed three conceptual phases (successor identity formation, farm succession process, and farm development) and fourteen factors important to understand GR. We elaborate how these factors interact, hence exert their impact on (one of) the phases in a complex and variable way. Implications highlight potential pitfalls and opportunities for attracting people into agriculture. Although policy-makers should be aware of their limited ability to affect GR by targeting the first phase, we propose some ideas that would complement current existing measures acting on the third phase

D6.2 Report on combinations of conditions for successful and unsuccessful fostering of resilience in agricultural sectors

Farming systems (FS) operate in biophysical, political, social, economic and cultural environments which are often far from stable. Frequently or unfavourably changing conditions can affect FS performance, i.e., the delivery of FS functions (such as food production or ecosystem services). The aim of task 6.1 is to identify principles for an enabling environment to foster (rather than hinder) resilient farming systems in Europe. Task 6.2 will translate these principles into roadmaps that will contain recommendations for both public and private actors and institutions in the enable environment on how to support farming system resilience. A farming system is a system hierarchy level above the farm at which properties emerge resulting from formal and informal interactions and interrelations among farms and non-farm actors to the extent that these mutually influence each other. The environment can then be defined as the context of a farming system on which farming system actors have no or little influence. Hence, actors belonging to the environment may be food processors, retailers, financial institutions, technology providers, consumers, policy makers, etc. Fostering FS resilience is done through (re)designing institutions and building and mobilising resources in order to enhance resilience enabling attributes of FS (and remove resilience constraining attributes). These institutions can be both part of the FS and part of an enabling environment, consisting of private actors (such as food processors, retailers, banks, etc.) and public actors (government agencies). Four archetypical patterns according to which challenges are insufficiently addressed to foster FS resilience have been identified. Six general principles underpinning patterns that enable FS resilience have been formulated. An important challenge is that FS and enabling environments should always find a good balance between addressing challenges in the short run and dealing with challenges in the long run