Odnos ızmeđu boje bazena ı prırasta mlađı evropskog brancına (dıcentrarchus labrax)

Dizajn sistema za gajenje riba je veoma bitan za održivu i visoko profitabilnu proizvodnju u akvakulturi. Različitim vrstama riba potrebani su drugačije dizajnirani sistemi i veštačke sredine. Sistemi u zatvorenom prostoru su korisni za mrestilišta a tankovi su veštačka staništa za vrste gajene u tim sistemima. Prethodna istraživanja pokazuju da boja zida bazena utiče na nivo stresa kod riba (Rotlant et al., 2003) i parametre koji utiču na rast, a dobrobit riba može da bude ugrožena u stresnim uslovima (De Silva and Anderson 1994). Cilj ovog istraživanja je da ispita efekte koje različite boje zidova tankova imaju na prirast mlađi Evropskog brancina (Dicentrarchus labrax). 480 jedinki mlađi nasumice su raspoređene u 12 identičnih plastičnih tankova (40 jedinki po tanku). Zapremina svakog bazena iznosila je 40 litara. U triplikatu su korišćene četiri različite boje bazena (crvena, zelena, plava i svetlo žuta). Riba je hranjena komercijalnom hranomn za brancina 2 puta dnevno u period od 60 dana. Najveći prirast dostigla je riba gajena u crvenim bazenima, dok je riba gajena u žutim bazenima imala najmanji prirast. Prethodna istraživanja su pokazala da boja zida bazena utiče na prirast ribe u uslovima gajenja i da je različitim vrstama riba potrebna drugačija boja bazena da bi postigle najbolji prirast (Duray et al., 1996; Rotland et al., 2003; Imanpoor and Abdollahi, 2011). Rezultati pokazuju da boja bazena utiče na prirast riba u uslovima gajenja

Effects of excess vitamin B6 intake on cerebral cortex neurons in rat: an ultrastructural study

The aim of this study was to investigate whether excess of vitamin B6 leads to ultrastructural changes in cerebral cortex of forty-eight healthy albino rats which were included in the study. Saline solution was injected to to the control groups (CG-10, n=12 for 10 days; CG-15, n=12 for 15 days; CG-20, n=12 for 20 days). The three experimental groups (EG-10, n=12; EG-15, n=12; EG-20, n=12) were treated with 5 mg/kg vitamin B6 daily for 10 days (EG-10), 15 days (EG-15) and 20 days (EG-20). Brain tissues were prepared by glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide double fixation for ultrastructural analysis. No significant changes were observed in the control groups. The ultrastructural analysis revealed that the numbers of damaged mitochondria, lipofuscin granules and vacuoles were significantly higher in all the experimental groups than in the control groups (

Structure-property relationships of novel phosphonate-functionalized networks and gels of poly(β-amino esters)

pH sensitivity, biodegradability and high biocompatibility make poly(β-amino esters) (PBAEs) important biomaterials with many potential applications including drug and gene delivery and tissue engineering, where their degradation should be tuned to match tissue regeneration rates. Therefore, we synthesize novel phosphonate-functionalized PBAE macromers, and copolymerize them with polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) to produce PBAE networks and gels. Degradation and mechanical properties of gels can be tuned by the chemical structure of phosphonate-functionalized macromer precursors. By changing the structure of the PBAE macromers, gels with tunable degradations of 5–97% in 2 days are obtained. Swelling of gels before/after degradation is studied, correlating with the PBAE identity. Uniaxial compression tests reveal that the extent of decrease of the gel cross-link density during degradation is much pronounced with increasing amount and hydrophilicity of the PBAE macromers. Degradation products of the gels have no significant cytotoxicity on NIH 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells

Design of Hierarchically Distributed Expert Controllers for Large-Scale Systems

Hierarchical and distributed controllers have been among the most succesful control strategies for large-scale systems. However, in Control Theory most of these strategies do not utilize the functional behavior of the system. In contrast, in Artificial Intelligence strategies are developed almost completely based on the functional behavior. In this paper, a unified hierarchical control strategy is presented to utilize both mathematical and functional representations of a system. In presenting this unified strategy, an axiomatic approach is adopted. The formation of a hierarchy and a knowledge base and the distribution of control activities are all presented mathematically as structural and functional coordinability and consistency axioms

A Completely Decentralized Suboptimal Control Strategy for Moderately Coupled Interconnected Systems

In this paper, a completely decentralized suboptimal control strategy for moderately coupled interconnected systems is presented. The interconnections in the system are assumed to be such that they do not destabilize the uncoupled system. The control is derived to optimize a finite horizon quadratic cost function locally. This local control is obtained in two portions; one for the subsystems and the other one for the interaction effects. The performance of the approach is also considered in an example

A Locally Computed Suboptimal Control Strategy for a Class of Interconnected Systems

In this paper, a locally computed suboptimal control strategy for a class of interconnected systems is introduced. First, optimal statefeedback control equations are derived for a finite-horizon quadratic cost. Then, the control for each subsystem is separated into two portions. The first portion stabilizes the isolated subsystem, and the second portion corresponds to the interactions. To achieve a locally calculable control, an approximation to the optimal control equations is introduced, and two iterative suboptimal control algorithms are developed. In the first algorithm, the initial conditions of subsystems are assumed to be known; in the second algorithm, this information is replaced by statistical distributions. The orders of errors in the iterations of the algorithm and in the suboptimality are given in terms of interconnections. An example with comparisons is also included to show the performance of the approach

Design of Knowledge-Rich Hierarchical Controllers for Large Functional Systems

A hierarchical structure that utilizes all the functionalities of a large-scale system and unifies the dynamics of the system with its functional behavior is introduced. The proposed hierarchy is formed by decomposing the physical structure of a system and by associating knowledge-rich controllers with the structure. The inclusion of structural information in the hierarchy has several advantages. First, it presents multifunctional descriptions of portions of the system. Then, it provides a modular decomposition such that complete reconstruction of the hierarchy is not required if some parts of the system change. Most importantly, it enables local failure handling and replanning. To demonstrate the physical decomposition, task assignment, and control process, a system with two robot arms and a camera was considered as an example