THE WHEAT INTROGRESSIVE FORM EVALUATION BY GRAIN BIOCHEMICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

To create stress-resistant, productive and quality wheat varieties, the genetic diversity of wild and cultured relatives is often used – various species belonging to the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Previously, with Triticum militinae, T. timopheevii, T. kiharae, Aegilops cylindrical and Ae. triaristata samples participation, introgressive winter common wheat forms were created and selected for stability and yield. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the biochemical composition and technological grains properties of these forms. Analysis of gluten content in flour by the ISO method revealed a variability level from 28.5 % for the form Erythrospermum 350 × T. militinae to up to 39.6 % for the Zhetysu × T. militinae genotype. In this case, the 1st groups gluten  quality (class “strong”) was found only for the genotypes Erythrospermum 350 × T. militinae (Bezostaya 1 × T. militinae) × T. militinae. According to the physical properties of flour and dough, the introgressive forms vary in the test dilution from 80 to 170 FU  at the level of “filler” and “weak” bread wheat with   the best value for both liquefaction and valorimetric evaluation for the genotypes Bezostaya 1 × Ae. triaristata and Erythrospermum 350 × T. militinae (80 liquefaction units 49 FU and 80–45 FU, respectively). Bread making evaluation for the introgressive forms was comparable with winter wheat varieties including the Almaly standards (720–760 ml) and Karakhan (800 ml), at the bread quality and the baking evaluation. As for hardness, wild relatives and introgressive forms were characterized mainly as medium and hard (52–93 SKCS units). Thus, the introgressive forms studied were mainly related to the “valuable” and “filler” classes according to the technological bakery type evaluation, to the “weak” class according to the flour strength and bread volume, and to the “strong” class at the glutenin HMW composition forecast and the translocation of 1B/1R

Genetic diversity of soybean cultivars belonging to different ripeness groups with regard to performance and quality

Twenty six varieties of Kazakstani and 42 soybean breeding varieties from Russia, Ukraine, France, and Serbia have been studied. Depending on the length of the vegetation period from within 90–135 days, these varieties were divided into five ripeness groups. None of the Kazakstani varieties has been assigned to early season ripening group 00. Varietes in the mid-late and middle season ripening group, which are the most adapted to the cultivation conditions in the southeastern area of Kazahstan, showed the highest yield. Kazakstani varieties have been found superior to the others in average yield by 2.3 q/ha in mid-early group 0, by 3.6 q/ha in mid-late group II, and by 7.9 q/ha in late group III. The highest range of variation and the maximum level of protein collection was characteristic of the middleand of medium group. The amounts of protein and fat in the Kazakhstani and other varieties within the groups was found to be almost identical; at the same time, there was a notable positive correlation between precocity and high protein content. As a result, early-ripening soybean genotypes (groups 000 and 00) with promise for cultivation in the northern areas of the Republic of Kazakhstan have been identified and put together as a whole. The most productive Kazakstani variety was Zhansaya (included in the register of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2012), which yielded 38.3–45.8 q/ha over the study period. High-protein variety Zara, with a protein content of 37.7 %–43.3 %, has been in variety testing in the Republic of Kazakhstan since 2011

Mineral composition of wild relatives and introgressive forms in wheat selection

The study of seed mineral composition of wheat and its wild relatives revealed higher content of all elements in Aegilops ovata and Ae. triuncialis, as well as an overall increased background in relatives compared to modern varieties of Triticum aestivum (standards). By content of macro- and microelements, synthetic forms of wheat occupy an intermediate position between wild relatives and modern varieties. Transitional forms with the level of mineral composition typical of wild forms (Zhetysu x T militinae; Zhetysu x T kiharae; Bezostaya 1 x Ae. cylindrica) have been identified. All genotypes have been differentiated into 3 clusters. The first consists predominantly of introgressive forms, Ae. triaristata and the Komsomolskaya 1 variety, which has wild forms in its origin. The second cluster includes mainly varieties (parental forms), T. timopheevii and the introgressive form (Steklovidnaya 24 x T militinae). The third cluster consists largely of T. militinae, T. kiharae, Ae. cylindrica species and introgressive forms originated from them: Zhetysu x T militinae and Bezostaya 1 x Ae. cylindrica. Such division allows us to classify genotypes according to the level of metabolism: wild relatives (3rd cluster), varieties (2nd cluster) and an intermediate group - introgressive forms (1st cluster). In general, inclusion of cultural forms (backcrossing with varieties) to crosses with introgressive forms is usually accompanied by a decrease in the total metabolic level, but it varies in cultivars and wild species characterized by polymorphism. Sources of high content of elements have been revealed: wild relatives and introgressive forms, some of which are donors. According to the results of topcross breeding with testers - commercial common wheat varieties Steklovidnaya 24, Almali, Zhetysu - inheritance of this trait by progenies in F-2-F-3 generations has been revealed in two constant lines: (Bezostaya 1 x Ae. cylindrica) x T kiharae and Zhetysu x T kiharae