Characterisation and modelling of layered discontinuous reservoirs for waterflood predictions

Imperial Users onl

Interference mitigation using group decoding in multiantenna systems

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Causality Between Public Expenditure and GDP Growth In Palestine: An Econometric Analysis Of Wagner’s Law

This study aimed to explore the causal relationship between public expenditure and the GDP growth in the Palestinian territories over the period of 1994-2013. For this purpose trends in both public expenditure and GDP growth in Palestine are discussed, the paper also explored the relevant literature regarding  Wagner’s Law and the recent related empirical studies in various countries of the world. The study has adopted recent advances of econometric techniques. For this purpose, stationarity properties of the data and the order of integration of the data are empirically investigated by the Augmented-Dickey Fuller (ADF) test in the first place. Hypothesis of a long-run relationship between public expenditure and  GDP growth has been tested by Engle-Granger co-integration test. Depending on the co-integration results of the six versions of Wagner’s Law, the findings reveal that there is a co-integration between public expenditure and GDP growth. Such results indicate that there is a long-run relationship between public expenditure and GDP  growth for the Palestinian case. On the basis of the Granger causality tests, we also found that  both public expenditure and GDP  have a cause effect on each other, the findings also suggest that both public expenditure and GDP are growing substantially and hence validate Wagner’s Law in the case of Palestine. Kew Words: Public Expenditure, GDP Growth, Wagner’s La

Oxo and peroxo ligand transfer reactions involving methylrhenium trioxide

Methylrhenium dioxide (MDO), prepared in aqueous solution from the reaction of methylrhenium trioxide (MTO) and hypophosphorous acid, reacts with oxo donor compounds by oxygen-atom abstraction at record-high rates. These include inorganic oxoanions (e.g. ClO4-), organic oxo substrates (e.g. sulfoxides), and few metal oxides (e.g. VO2+). The mechanism of oxygen-atom transfer from oxygen donors (X=O) to MDO involves nucleophilic attack of the substrate at the oxophilic rhenium forming an adduct prior to oxo transfer. The kinetic data have been related to some extent to the element-oxygen force constants;MTO reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form the catalytically active species CH3ReO2([eta]2- O2), A, and CH3ReO([eta]2- O2)2(H2O), B. The catalytic reactions of these rhenium peroxides with a large family of phosphines have been investigated. Systematic changes in the substituents on phosphorous were made to vary the nucleophilicity and cone angle of the phosphine. The kinetic data support a mechanism that allows nucleophilic attack of the substrate at the rhenium peroxides. MTO also catalyzes the oxidation of [beta]-diketones by H2O2 to give cleavage products, carboxylic acids. The kinetics of the initial oxidation which features epoxidation of the enol form, the majority species, have been investigated for a group of cyclic [beta]-diketones. Its rate responds to substituents in the normal manner: electron-donating groups accelerate the reaction. In contrast, the subsequent oxidation steps controlled by O-insertion into a C-C bond involve A and B as nucleophiles rather than their normal electrophilic behavior;In the absence of a substrate, the MTO- H2O2 catalyst undergoes decomposition to afford methanol and perrhenate. The deactivation kinetics feature complex dependences on hydrogen peroxide and pH. The catalyst is most stable at high acid and peroxide concentrations. Methanol and perrhenate are formed from the action of HO2- on MTO; the mechanism of deactivation involves methyl migration to a peroxo bound oxygen. The diperoxo complex, B, on the other hand, is stable towards decomposition to methanol and perrhenate; instead it evolves molecular oxygen and regenerates the starting MTO

Lipolytic enzymes from the bovine rumen : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biochemistry at Massey University

1.1. Lipid metabolism in the ruminants and significance of hydrolysis and hydrogenation in the rumen. The digestion pattern of ruminants differs from other mammals in that the food of ruminants is subjected to a microbial fermentation in the rumen before passing into the true stomach. Carbohydrates, proteins, organic acids and many other food constituents are attacked by the micro organisms in the rumen and as a result short-chain fatty acids (VFA), CO2 , CH4 , NH3 etc. are produced as the end product of microbial metabolism. This ruminal fermentation has a considerable effect on the metabolic processes of the animal and moreover the functions of the rumen microorganisms are intimately associated with certain metabolic disorders of the ruminant (Bryant, 1959) e.g. Ketosis, bloat etc. It is now generally believed that the organisms of functional significance in the rumen are protozoa and bacteria which are capable of growth under the anaerobic conditions prevailing. The rumen provides an ideal anaerobic environment for a large and diverse microbial population at a temperature of 39°-40°C. The pH of the ingesta is slightly acid and the bacteria are adapted to live between pH 5.5 and 7.0 (Hungate, 1966). It is apparent from earlier studies that the lipids of ruminants differ in several respects from those of non-ruminant herbivorous animals in particular. Occurrence of unusually high proportions of stearic acid and the presence of trans acids and isomeric forms of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid in depot fats and tissue lipids are peculiar to ruminants. [From Introduction

Adjusted Confidence Interval for the Population Median of the Exponential Distribution

The median confidence interval is useful for one parameter families, such as the exponential distribution, and it may not need to be adjusted if censored observations are present. In this article, two estimators for the median of the exponential distribution, MD, are considered and compared based on the sample median and the maximum likelihood method. The first estimator is the sample median, MD1, and the second estimator is the maximum likelihood estimator of the median, MDMLE. Both estimators are used to propose a modified confidence interval for the population median of the exponential distribution, MD. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed confidence intervals with respect to coverage probability, average width and standard error. A numerical example using a real data set is employed to illustrate the use of the modified confidence intervals; results are shown