a reexamination

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of International Relations and Political Economy,1999This thesis is mainly about the Kashmiri Muslims’ uprising in India in 1989. The uprising is viewed as the internal conflict between the Indian state’s bad policies to repress the Muslim ethnic group in Kashmir and the Kashmiris’ challenge against such an authority of India. The puzzles that this thesis raises: Why did the uprising break out? As it broke out, why did it break out in 1989, and not before? The study identifies both underlying causes and triggering causes of the uprising. The central argument is that the current dimension of the Kashmiri uprising is the continuation of the past, and therefore, the endresult of the Indian government endemic “misrule” (underlying macro-political causal factor) in Kashmir. This, in turn, created sufficient grounds to assert their (Kashmiri Muslim) distinct separate Muslim identity (ethno-religious factor) making Kashmir a case of enthnonationalism. Enthnonationalism took roots because they sensed that they were relatively deprived from their rights and share. This sense of relative deprivation (economic and political factors) led to increasing ethnic/political mobilization (triggering micro-political causal factor) among Kashmiris, especially within the new-generation. Their awakening to the realization of relative deprivation and their efforts towards ethnic/political mobilization were made possible by high rate of literacy among the Kashmiris and their access to media: both audio and video and the “diffusion” effect from the similar incidents happening across the border. Although the current uprising is chiefly driven internally by the Indian elite’s bad policy (Brown’s leadership-centric approach), it is also reinforced by external factors. The external factors included the successful Iranian Revolution of 1979 (cultural/religious factor), the rise of the Palestinian Intifada movement and the eventual establishment of the Palestinian state (religio-cultural factor), the Soviet fiasco in Afghanistan (political factor), the ethnic-based uprising in the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia (ethnonationalism factor), and more important, the Pakistani support (bad neighbor policy) for the Kashmiri rebels. These external factors were tangential to the uprising. The causal direction was bi-directional and not unidirectional. However, now that the genie, the uprising, has come out of the bottle, it will keep bedeviling the bilateral relations of India and Pakistan. The Kargil crisis of 1999 amply testified that. The 1989 uprising has transformed Kashmir into a new and ongoing area of conflict in which India, Pakistan, and the Kashmiri people all have a stake.I. INTRODUCTION II. BACKGROUND OF THE KASHMIR CONFLICT IIII. LITERATURE REVIEW IV. UNDERSTANDING THE KASMIRI MUSLIMS’ UPRISING OF 1989 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONSOutstandingmasterpublishedby Abu Taher Salahuddin Ahmed

Morphological Redescriptions and Molecular Phylogeny of Three Stentor Species (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea: Stentoridae) from Korea

Taher, Md Abu, Kabir, Ahmed Salahuddin, Shazib, Shahed Uddin Ahmed, Kim, Min Seok, Shin, Mann Kyoon (2020): Morphological Redescriptions and Molecular Phylogeny of Three Stentor Species (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea: Stentoridae) from Korea. Zootaxa 4732 (3): 435-452, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4732.3.

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status