Effect of hydroalcholic extract of Cynodon dactylon the phagocytosis and respiratory burst of peritoneal macrophages of NMRI mice

Background: The anti-inflammatory effects of Cynodon dactylon have been determined in some previous studies. Nevertheless, there is no comprehensive study about immunomodulatory effects of C. dactylon. The present study was performed to investigate the modulatory effects of C. dactylonon macrophages functions of NMRI mice. Methods: This survey was an experimental intervention study. The&nbsp; study&nbsp; population&nbsp; consisted&nbsp; of&nbsp; 14&nbsp; male&nbsp; NMRI&nbsp; mice&nbsp; randomly&nbsp; categorized&nbsp; into&nbsp; 3 treatment groups and one control group (each group was contained 10 mice). Mice in treatment groups received hydroalcoholic extract of C. dactylon for 3 constitutive weeksin different doses (100,200 and 400 mg/Kg- every day, orally). Control mice received PBS at the same volume. At the end of study, macrophages isolated from peritoneal cavity of mice and the neutral red uptake, respiratory burst after challenge with tetra phorbol acetate and respiratory burst after challenge with opsonized yeast were evaluated in these population. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA plus Turkey&rsquo;s test. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The results of stimulation of macrophages with ester of phorbol showed a significant increase in respiratory burst of macrophages isolated from treatment groups compared to control mice (p<0.01). Nevertheless, when macrophages challenged with opsonized yeast, there was no significant difference between groups .Moreover, the results of neutral red uptake by macrophages didn&rsquo;t show any significant difference between macrophages of control and treatment groups. Conclusion: However, the hydroalcoholic extract of C. dactylon caused a significant decrease in the production of the potentially harmful free radical, but it could not interfere with the function of macrophages after challenge with a real infection

The Effect of Quercetin on the Physiological Funtions of Rats Peripheral Plood Neutrophils in Vitro Condition

Background & aim: In traditional medicine, medicinal plants containing flavonoid compounds were used for several years in the treatment of various diseases. Quercetin is one of the flavonoid composition family that has a maximum antioxidant flavonoid content. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological features of rats peripheral blood neutrophils treated with quercetin. &nbsp; Methods: In the present experimental study, the rats peripheral blood neutrophils was isolated and then teated with various concentrations of quercetin (0, 5, 10 and 20 &micro;g/ml). The metabolic activity, phagocytosis capabilities, germicidal and respiratory burst of neutrophils were measured. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the analysis. &nbsp; Results: The results demonestrated that the respiratory burst of neutrophils treated by quercitine was significantly increased at minimum concentrations of 10 micrograms per ml. Simmilary, the phagocytic ability of neutrophils was significantly increased at minimum concentrations of 10 micrograms per ml. Albith, the phagocytic ability of neutrophils was increasesd in 5 micrograms per ml, howevet this finding didn&rsquo;t show any significant change.Moreover, the application of quercetin at minimum concentrations of 10 micrograms per ml lead to a significant reduction in killing and survival of neutrophils in the treatment group compared to that of the control group (P<0/05). &nbsp; Conclusion: Quercetin could be considered as a natural immunomodulator of innate responses. This might be due to the inflammation control of neutrophils. &nbsp; &nbsp

The Effects of Nicotine on the Stimulation of the Cholinergic System and Immune Responses Changes in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis

Background & aim: Lately, it has been demonstrated that the signaling by the &alpha;7 nicotinic receptors produces the anti-inflammatory condition in both macrophages and T cells. Moreover, activation of macrophages and T cells play an important role in multiple sclerosis (MS).&nbsp; In the present study, the therapeutic effect of nicotine on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, and its effects on T-helper cells responses was evaluated. Methods: In the present experimental study, EAE was induced by homogenised guinea pig spinal cord and complete Freund&rsquo;s adjuvant in wistar rats. Animals were allocated in two therapeutic groups (n=7 per group). Treatment with nicotine (2.5 mg/kg-daily) was started in treatment group when the treatment group developed a disability score (at day 12). At the same time, the control group received only the solvent with the same program. Signs of disease were recorded daily until the day 36 when animals were sacrificed. The Splenocytes were checked for proliferation by MTT test and cytokine production by ELISA. The level of nitric oxide in serum was checked by griess test. The data was analyzed using the Student t test and Mann-Whitney U. Results: Nicotine administration in the treatment group significantly reduced the clinical symptoms after the onset of symptoms. Simultaneously with the decrease of the level of serum nitric oxide, nicotine significantly decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 and IFN-&gamma;. The levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10 were not changed significantly. Lymphocyte proliferation was significantly decreased in treatment group compared to control group Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that nicotine had immune modulatory effects and could be used to control MS disease

The Change in the Functions of Neutrophils after Being Stimulated with LPS-primed Mesenchymal Stem and Treated with Green Tea

Background & aim: Recently, the interaction of lipopolysaccharide activated by mesenchymal stem cells and neutrophils has been proven. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect(s) of the Green tea extract, as a widely consumed beverage on the interaction of lipopolysaccharide activated MSCs on neutrophils. Methods: In the present experimental study, after the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow of rats was conducted, these cells were stimulated with 10 ng/mL LPS for 1. Then, the supernatant was discarded and washed out to remove LPS cells.&nbsp; Afterwards, the cells were incubated with different concentrations of green tea (10, 100 and 500 micrograms per ml) for 24 hours. Subsequently, the mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with neutrophils and incubated for other 4 h. Finally, the neutrophil function was evaluated. The data were analyzed by Kruskal wallis test. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Pro-inflammatory mesenchymal stem cells (Challenged with LPS) caused a decrease in vitality, Neutral Red-uptake and respiratory burst of activated neutrophils. Treatment of pro-inflammatory mesenchymal stem cells with higher concentration of green tea extract potentiated the decrease rate of Neutral Red-uptake and respiratory burst of activated neutrophils. Moreover, the vitality of neutrophils increased in a dose-independent manner by green tea extract.&nbsp; Conclusion:It seemed that the treatment of mesenchymal stem cells in inflammatory condition with Green tea extract may potentiate the role of mesenchymal stem cells to increase phagocytosis and the respiratory burst of neutrophils cells. &nbsp

The Effects of Combined Atorvastatin and Zinc Oxide on Some Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Hippocampus in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Background & aim: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia through enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes causes induction of spontaneous oxidation of glucose and, by stimulating the production of active oxygen and nitrogen components, leading to oxidative stress. Thus, according to the antioxidant effects of atorvastatin and zinc oxide, the aim of this study&nbsp; was to investigate the combined effect of atorvastatin and zinc oxide on oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetic rats. Methods: In the present experimental study, 50 female Wistar rats were selected randomly and divided into five groups of 10 (n=10) including : normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic rats treated with, atorvastatin (20mg/kg daily-orally) (DA), zinc oxide (30mg/kg daily-rally) (DZ) and combination of each drug in half-dose (daily-orally) (DAZ), were each treated separately. Diabetic rats were induced by injection of 60 mg per kg of body weight of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally.All treatments were dissolved in distilled water for four weeks. After completion of treatment (forth week), weight and blood sugar were measured and then compared with data measured&nbsp; on weight and blood sugar in the weeks before the start&nbsp; and second week of the study. The lipid peroxidation level (MDA), the activity of catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as an indicator of oxidative stress were measured in the hippocampus. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: Zinc oxide and atorvastatin alone rather than decrease blood sugar, reduced the complications of diabetes, including oxidative damage and combination&nbsp; of both reduced levels of diabetic complications led to the significant decrease in blood glucose levels and inhibiting the animal lose weight. Conclusion: It seemed that the combination of atorvastatin and zinc oxide have synergistic benefits to control blood sugar levels and oxidative stress, and also resulting in control&nbsp; of diabetes

Therapeutic effects of all-trans retinoic acid on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and its role in T-helper lymphocyte responses

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated an essential role for IL-17 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Furthermore, it has been shown that FoxP3+Treg cells play an important role in the suppression of autoinflammatory reactions. Although, previous studies have determined the immunomodulatory potentials of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), but these immunomodulations have been mostly justified by alteration in Th1/Th2 cytokines. The present study was carried out to investigate the therapeutic effects of ATRA on EAE and its effects on T-helper cells responses. Methods: EAE was induced by MOG35-55 peptide and complete Freund's adjuvant in female C57BL/6 mice. The mice were allocated to two therapeutic groups (n=7 per group). Treatment with ATRA (500 μg/mouse every other day) was initiated in treatment group on day 12 when they developed a disability score. EAE controls received vehicle alone with the same schedule. Signs of disease were recorded daily until day 33 when the mice were sacrificed. Splenocytes were tested for proliferation by MTT test, cytokine production by ELISA and FoxP3+Treg cell frequency by flowcytometry. Results: ATRA significantly reduced the clinical signs of established EAE. Aside from decreasing lymphocytic proliferation (P<0.05), ATRA significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory IL-17 (P<0.005) as well as IFN-γ (P<0.0005) upon antigen-specific restimulation of splenocytes. FoxP3+Treg cell frequency and IL-10 levels were not altered significantly. However, IFN-γ to IL-10 and IL-17 to IL-10 ratios decreased significantly (P<0.0005). Conclusion: Parallel to reducing autoreactive lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in favor of pro-inflammatory cytokines, all-trans-retinoic acid ameliorated established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Functional Comparison of monocytes isolated from culture flask by lidocaine/EDTA, trypsin and cold-PBS/EDTA

Abstract &nbsp; Background & aim: Easy access, rapid recovery and high potency of monocyte cell therapy have led to special attention in cell therapy research. Monocytes are considered as sticky cells to the flask. Therefore, finding the appropriate isolation method that has the least damage to the cell and its function is of particular importance. The purpose of this study was to compare the functional capabilities of monocytes after isolation with three methods: lidocaine / EDTA, trypsin and cold PBS / EDTA. &nbsp; Methods: In this experimental study, after extraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Balb / c mice, cells (107 &times; 1 cells / ml) were incubated in RPMI culture medium in T25 culture flask for 4 hours. After incubation time, non-adherent cells (mainly lymphocytes) were separated by two rinsing and removed from the flask. Three different methods of trypsin, lidocaine and phosphate buffer saline were used for isolation of monocyte cells. After isolating the cells with each method, the functional capabilities of the monocytes were measured and compared with each other. The collected data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. &nbsp; Results: The amount of extraction, survival, metabolic activity, phagocytosis percentage, respiratory explosion, nitric oxide levels, and yeast potential in cells isolated by lidocaine were significantly higher than other groups. Although the use of trypsin, although it results in the removal of more cells, is cooled to the PBS method, but these cells exhibit significant physiological impairment in comparison with the Lidocaine / EDTA or PBS / EDTA method. Neutral red uptake was detected by trypsin isolated monocyte cells in comparison to the other two methods at lower levels. In comparison between cold PBS and lidocaine, it seems that there is no significant difference between the monocytes obtained from the two methods in terms of neutralization. &nbsp; Conclusion: Compared to trypsin and PBS / EDTA, the Lidocaine / EDTA method is an appropriate method for isolating monocytes adherent to the flask, due to the extraction of more efficient and efficient cells. &nbsp; . &nbsp