Dopamine-glutamate reciprocal modulation of release and motor responses in the rat caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens of "intact" animals

peer reviewedFunctional interactions between dopaminergic neurotransmission and glutamatergic neurotransmission are well known to play a crucial integrative role in the striatum, the major input structure of the basal ganglia now widely recognized to contribute to the control of motor activity and movements but also to the processing of cognitive and limbic functions. However, the nature of these interactions is still a matter of debate and controversy. This review (1) summarizes anatomical data on the distribution of dopaminergic and glutamatergic receptors in the striatum-accumbens complex, (2) focuses on the dopamine-glutamate interactions in the modulation of each other's release in the striatum-accumbens complex, and (3) examines the dopamine-glutamate interactions in the entire striatum involved in the control of locomotor activity. The effects of dopaminergic and glutamatergic receptor selective agonists and antagonists on dopamine and glutamate release as well on motor responses are analyzed in the entire striatum, by reviewing both in vitro and in vivo data. Regarding in vivo data, only findings from focal injections studies in the nucleus accumbens or the caudate-putamen of "intact" animals are reviewed. Altogether, the available data demonstrate that dopamine and glutamate do not uniformly interact to modulate each others' release and postsynaptic modulation of striatal output neurons. Depending on the receptor subtypes involved, interactions between dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission vary as a multiple and complex combination of tonic, phasic, facilitatory, and inhibitory properties. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Development of anxiety symptoms during a deep diving experiment

Six commercial divers were investigated for anxiety responses during a 29‐day, open‐sea world record dive at 500 meters of depth. Three of six (50%) divers developed anxiety. The authors emphasize the importance of research on personality traits as possible predictors for the development of anxiety during deep dives of exceptional depth and duration of confinement. Anxiety 1:237–241 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Compan

Personality patterns of anxiety during occupational deep dives with long-term confinement in hyperbaric chamber

Extreme environments are generally thought to be stressful situations Occupational deep diving inflicts periods of long-term confinement in hyperbaric chambers and high-pressure exposure on divers. Such extreme environmental conditions have been demonstrated to produce acute responses of anxiety in individual divers. Although these studies have mentioned personality as a factor explaining why some divers reported an increase in ratings of anxiety, the role of personality traits still remains unclear. The present study examines the possible role of personality traits in the development of diving anxiety. Results confirm that diving anxiety remains at the individual level and relatively transient and suggest that personality factors, such as low self-control and emotional instability, that reflect an incapacity to control and express tension in an appropriate manner would play a crucial role in the occurrence of diving anxiety