Evaluation of Net Radiation in San Luis Potosí City—México, with Remote Sensing Processes

Net radiation is essential in analyzing the earth’s energy balance since it regulates the soil’s temperature, humidity, and thermal processes. Then, energy regulates an urban area’s climate and heat distribution. Therefore, problems such as heat islands arise if these areas have more impervious surfaces than vegetation cover. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the net radiation in the city of San Luis Potosí from a multi-temporal analysis applying remote sensing. Satellite images from the Landsat 5 TM and 8 OLI/TIRS sensors were used. Through remote sensing processes, the imagery has been calibrated to obtain the net flux extracting the incident and outgoing radiation. Our results show that net radiation levels decrease in the dry season and increase in the rainy season. It was also observed that the incident radiation predominates over the outgoing radiation on the city’s impervious surfaces, causing temperature increase. This study is helpful in decision-making related to the city’s planning

Spatial Analysis of Land Subsidence in the San Luis Potosi Valley Induced by Aquifer Overexploitation Using the Coherent Pixels Technique (CPT) and Sentinel-1 InSAR Observation

The San Luis Potosi metropolitan area has suffered considerable damage from land subsidence over the past decades, which has become visible since 1990. This paper seeks to evaluate the effects of groundwater withdrawal on land subsidence in the San Luis Potosi Valley and the development of surface faults due to the differential compaction of sediments. For this purpose, we applied the Coherent Pixels Technique (CPT), a Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique, using 112 Sentinel-1 acquisitions from October 2014 to November 2019 to estimate the deformation rate. The results revealed that the deformation areas in the municipality of Soledad de Graciano Sánchez mostly exhibit subsidence values between −1.5 and −3.5 cm/year; whereas in San Luis Potosi these values are between −1.8 and −4.2 cm/year. The PSI results were validated by five Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) benchmarks available, providing a data correlation between the results obtained with both techniques of 0.986. This validation suggests that interferometric derived deformations agree well with results obtained from GNSS data. The strong relationship between trace fault, land subsidence,e and groundwater extraction suggests that groundwater withdrawal is resulting in subsidence induced faulting, which follows the pattern of structural faults buried by sediments.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO), the State Agency of Research (AEI) and European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER) under project TEMUSA (TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P and TEC2017-85244-C2-2-P) and by Mexican Council of Science and technology (CONACYT). This paper is also funded by the PRIMA programme supported by the European Union under grant agreement No 1924, project RESERVOIR. It also has been supported by the CommSensLab, which is Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu MDM-2016-0600 financed by the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, Spain

Análisis de datos vectoriales en el uso de recursos naturales

RESUMEN Para analizar la relación geométrico-topológica de imágenes en diferentes escalas, se utilizó el sistema de visualización GE y se experimentó con diversas tecnologías espaciales, a fin de determinar la relación escalar entre los niveles de zoom de GM y las operaciones de la función de algoritmo de GE. Asimismo, se diseñó un prototipo que permite editar e integrar vectores, valorar su geometría, almacenar sus componentes métricos, reconstruir la geometría de objetos mal editados y modelar la incertitud espacial, a partir de la propagación de errores. La metodología utilizada integra mecanismos de interoperabilidad entre sistemas de visualización, software, uso de GM, JavaScript, API V3 y recientes tecnologías Web para la residencia del sistema. ABSTRACT To analyze the relationship of geometric-topological images at different scales, Google Earth display system was used. We experimented with diverse spa- tial technologies in order to determine the scaling relationship between zoom levels of Google Maps and the operations of the GE algorithm function. Also, a prototype was designed that allows you to edit and integrate vectors, to value its geometry, to store its metric components, to reconstruct the geometry of objects badly edited, and to model the spatial uncertainty from the error propagation. The methodology used integrates interoperability mechanisms between display systems, software, use of GM, Javascript, API V3 and latest Web technologies for the system residence

Evaluación de la calidad cartográfica vectorial utilizada para el manejo de los recursos naturales.

La producción cartográfica que se genera para México ha pasado de un proceso estático a un mecanismo de múltiples aplicaciones. Así mismo, la necesidad de desarrollar información cartográfica en diferentes escalas y de diferentes usos es todavía un desafío. Una situación ideal sería utilizar una base de datos espacial detallada y actualizada, a partir de la cual, la representación y desarrollo de cartografía para múltiples fines y en diferentes escalas podría ser simplificada con solo utilizar algoritmos de generalización (agentes autogeneralizantes o patrones de representación múltiple). Se efectuó un proceso de evaluación de la calidad de la cartografía del país, en diversas muestras de información vectorial sobre ciertas coberturas de territorio, utilizando diversas tecnologías geoespaciales. Para generar indicadores de tal evaluación, se desarrolló un modelo de análisis vectorial a fin determinar la incertitud espacial debida a la propagación de errores entre diferentes escalas de datos utilizadas. Dadas las ventajas de los sistemas de visualización sobre el Web, se experimentó con diversas tecnologías para realizar un proceso de integración en Google Earth utilizando muestras de la cartografía vectorial del país. Se analizaron correspondencias geométricas, métricas y topológicas, a fin de generar indicadores de la relación escala-imagen. Una vez experimentado con la residencia de datos vectoriales sobre el Web, se desarrolló un prototipo llamado SIDDGEO, el cual permite la integración y construcción de objetos geográficos tanto en plataformas en línea como en la plataforma de GE

Determination of the Water Quality Index (NFS WQI) of water bodies in the Huasteca Potosina, Mexico

The water quality of water bodies in Huasteca Potosina was assessed by the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NFS WQI) depending on nine water quality parameters include physical, chemical, and biological properties. The water quality obtained at the sampling site 50-90 in the NSF-WQI range shows the medium quality. Results revealed that the Moctezuma River in Tanquian de Escobedo has low water quality with a score of 50, the Tancuilin and Axtla Rivers have good water quality, and the Moctezuma River (Tampamolón Corona), Amajac River, Valles River, Panuco River, Patitos Lagoon, Plan de Iguala Lagoon were all located in medium water quality. This indicates that the water quality of the Huasteca Potosina is irregular, due to the presence of contaminating agents coming from fertilizers, pesticides, domestic water, and residual water from the communities adjacent to the rivers and lagoons, causing an environmental impact to the aquatic ecosystems of the place. However, this research shows the importance of making use of the water quality index in this region, this to relate the environmental impacts responsible for the contamination of surface water and interpret the experimental data of this water quality monitoring to facilitate decision making and consider frequent monitoring of the quality of water bodies in the Huasteca Potosina

Spatiotemporal analysis of water reservoirs in San Luis Potosí state, Mexico, from 1990 to 2015

ABSTRACTIt is essential to identify the spatial distribution and use of water resources for developing appropriate strategies for their use. Therefore, this work aimed to estimate the spatial distribution of economic and ecological Water Use Profit (WUP) and relate it to the Normalized Differential Water Index (NDWI) and evapotranspiration in the San Luis Potosí state, México. When calculating or obtaining the NDWI, this indicator is associated with values of evapotranspiration concentrations that are obtained spatially in the various portions of the territory, since in SLP territory the climate and soil moisture vary from one region to another, as there are 4 different regions. The methodology in this study involved a multitemporal analysis of the WUP in the State corresponding to 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2015, since it is an indicator that measures the uses and water exploitation in a region obtained over time, which is why it is called multitemporal, since we are talking about a 25-year period of analysis and the result is different from one place to another in San Luis Potosi territory. This study was realized through the application of economic and ecological indicators which were evaluated, considering the economic and ecological activities that use water in the region; therefore, the behavior of ETR depends on the area and the economic and/or ecological activities that have been carried out in the period. Also, for understanding the behavior of water reservoirs in the basins in the study area, the NDWI was obtained from Landsat 8 imagery. The results of NDWI showed that, from 1990 to 2015, there was a decrease in moisture content, becoming more evident in 2000. This study found that secondary and tertiary activities significantly influence yearly economic value. From 1990 to 2000, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) value doubled, while from 2000 to 2010 tripled, and for 2015 the increase was nearly 25% compared to 2010. The WUPeconomic’s and WUPecological’s highest values were obtained in the most important urban areas of the state because secondary and tertiary activities are mainly developed. It is precisely with this reasoning that the behavior of relationship between ETR and WUP is vital for the understanding of water consumption generated. Finally, the ETR’s highest values are in the Huasteca region of the state

Spatial technologies to evaluate vectorial samples quality in maps production

Despite significant progress in recent years, the methodological conceptualization for assessing quality of vectors that integrate digital mapping is still a complicated task. Due to the fact that there is not an official scheme in Mexico to evaluate vectorial cartographic quality, an alternative methodology is proposed for assessing vectorial quality through analysis of samples at various vectorial scales from the Mexican Republic coverage. The tests conducted with various spatial technologies are under the norm frame TC/211 (ISO19113 e ISO19114), and these have been developed with support of companies who are producers of new spatial technologies and supported by the official producing agency of vectorial information in the country. Of which it is intended searching for appropriate evidences and potential indicators to determine norms or specific models to evaluate quality, for potential benefit of cartographic production in natural resources use and others potential applications of them. The methodology described pursues current advances in research to establish an improvement in the assessment policies in vectorial editing and mapping carried out by international agencies, universities and research centers. To make such a proposal in vectorial assessment quality, recognition was made from different approaches of those who worked in the field

Modelización de biomasa forestal aérea mediante técnicas deterministas y estocásticas

Abstract By estimating forest biomass, it is possible to determine the amount of forest resources existing in a given territory, however, this is an expensive and time-consuming process. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to model the aerial tree biomass of a forest ecosystem located in the south central region of the state of San Luis Potosí. To define this process, we compared deterministic methods (weighted reverse distance) and stochastic methods (kriging and cokriging), with which the forest biomass was determined based on field and spectral data. Field data corresponded to 50 conglomerates of the National Forest Inventory, from which the biomass was calculated by using allometric equations. The spectral data (traditional NDVI -red and infrared bands of electromagnetic spectrum) were derived from a Landsat 5TM image of the year 2009. With the results of calculation of biomass and NDVI, semivariograms and cross variograms were tested with spherical, exponential and gaussian models to analyze which will result in the best fit. Subsequently, the exponential model derived from the cokriging technique was selected, based on which a square root value of the RMSE mean squared error of 32.01 Mg ha-1 was obtained. Finally, based on the selected model, a map was generated of the aerial biomass distribution, in which results that range from the 0.85 Mg ha-1 to 157 Mg ha-1 are presented.Resumen Mediante la estimación de la biomasa forestal es posible determinar la cantidad de recursos forestales existentes en un determinado territorio, sin embargo, este es un proceso costoso y que consume gran cantidad de tiempo. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio fue modelar la biomasa arbórea aérea de un ecosistema forestal ubicado en la región centro sur del estado de San Luis Potosí. Para definir este proceso se compararon métodos determinísticos (distancia inversa ponderada) y estocásticos (kriging y cokriging), con los que se determinó la biomasa forestal con base en datos de campo y espectrales. Los datos de campo correspondieron a 50 conglomerados del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos, a partir de los cuales se calculó la biomasa mediante el empleo de ecuaciones alométricas. Los datos espectrales (NDVI tradicional -bandas roja e infrarroja del espectro electromagnético) se derivaron de una imagen Landsat 5TM del año 2009. Con los resultados del cálculo de la biomasa y del NDVI, se probaron semivariogramas y variogramas cruzados con los modelos esférico, exponencial y gausiano para analizar el que resultara en el mejor ajuste. Posteriormente, se seleccionó el modelo exponencial derivado de la técnica cokriging, con base en el cual se obtuvo un valor de la raíz cuadrada del error cuadrático medio de 32.01 Mg ha-1. Finalmente, con base en el modelo seleccionado, se generó un mapa de la distribución de la biomasa aérea, en el cual se presentan resultados que van de 0.85 Mg ha-1 a 157 Mg ha-1

An evolutionary algorithm with acceleration operator to generate a subset of typical testors

This paper is focused on introducing a Hill-Climbing algorithm as a way to solve the problem of generating typical testors – or non-reducible descriptors – from a training matrix. All the algorithms reported in the state-of-the-art have exponential complexity. However, there are problems for which there is no need to generate the whole set of typical testors, but it suffices to find only a subset of them. For this reason, we introduce a Hill-Climbing algorithm that incorporates an acceleration operation at the mutation step, providing a more efficient exploration of the search space. The experiments have shown that, under the same circumstances, the proposed algorithm performs better than other related algorithms reported so far