Prospection des maladies microbiennes de l’olivier dans la région Tadla-Azilal

The present study aims to locate possible foci of infections of fungal and bacterial origins in the olive grove of Tadla-Azilal region and to estimate the rates of infestation based on a symptomatological diagnosis. Surveys carried out in 11 municipalities and villages (February-April 2017), allowed us to identify the presence of three diseases of microbial origin, two of which are of fungal origin, namely verticillium wilt, and olive scab (Peacock’s eye) and one of bacterial origin, olive knot disease. The importance of scab in the region is 91.3%. The orchards of Beni Mellal, Tagzirt, Mghila and Sidi Jabber are the most affected by this disease. As for verticillium wilt, one of the most serious diseases of the olive tree, it represents 65.2% in the region, particularly in the orchards of Fquih Ben Salah (75%) which are the most affected, followed by Beni Mellal and Azilal with 66.7% and 55.6%, respectively. The importance of bacteriosis in olive groves is around 13.0%. 2 out of 6 (33.3%) villages and the visited municipalities of Beni Mellal region are touched by the disease. In the Azilal region, no sign of this disease is encountered. The assessment of the knowledge of 103 farmers in the region regarding olive diseases and control methods reveal that 82.8% have knowledge about the presence of pests and microbial diseases, including the peacock’s eye, psyllid, verticillium wilt which are the most mentioned. However, only 48.5% of these farmers declare the adoption of a treatment against these phytopathologies. Keywords: Olive diseases, fungi, bacteria, Tadla-Azilal regionLa présente étude vise à localiser d’éventuels foyers d'infections d’origines fongiques et bactériennes de l’olivier au niveau de la région de Tadla-Azilal et d’en estimer les taux d’infestation sur la base d’un diagnostic symptomatologique. Les prospections effectuées, dans 11 communes et villages (Février-Avril 2017), nous ont permis de recenser la présence de trois maladies d’origine microbienne dont deux d’origine fongique à savoir la verticilliose et la tavelure (l’œil de paon) et une d’origine bactérienne, la tuberculose de l’olivier. L’importance de la tavelure dans la région est 91,3 %. Les vergers de Béni Mellal, Tagzirt, Mghila et Sidi Jabber sont les plus touchés par cette maladie. Quand à la verticilliose, une des maladies les plus graves de l'olivier, elle représente 65,2% dans la région, notamment au niveau des vergers de Fquih Ben Salah (75%) qui sont les plus atteints suivis de Béni Mellal et Azilal avec 66,7% et 55,6%, respectivement. L’importance de la bactériose dans les oliveraies est de 13,0%. Sur 6 douars et communes de la région de Béni Mellal visités, 2 (soit 33,3%) sont atteints de la maladie. Dans la région d’Azilal, aucun signe de cette maladie n’est rencontré. L’évaluation des connaissances de 103 agriculteurs de la région vis-à-vis des phytopathologies et les méthodes de lutte révèle que 82,8% ont des connaissances sur la présence des ravageurs et maladies microbiennes, dont l’œil de paon, le psylle, la verticilliose sont les plus mentionnés. Néanmoins, seulement 48,5% de ces agriculteurs déclarent l’adoption d’un traitement phytosanitaire contre ces phytopathologies. Mots clés: Maladies d’oliviers, champignons, bactéries, région Tadla-Azila

OCCURRENCE OF CARBAPENEMASES AND EXTENDED-SPECTRUM Î’ETA-LACTAMASES IN UROPATHOGENIC ENTEROBACTERIACEAE ISOLATED FROM A COMMUNITY SETTING, SETTAT, MOROCCO

Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are still commonly diagnosed in outpatients as well as in hospitalized patients. In this study, weinvestigated the prevalence and performed molecular characterization of extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemases produced byEnterobacteriaceae isolates that cause community UTIs in Settat city, Morocco.Methods: From January 2012 to December 2013, all uropathogenic community Enterobacteriaceae isolates were collected from the microbiologylaboratory of Hassan II Hospital, Settat, Morocco. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed as recommended by Clinical and LaboratoryStandard Institute. Phenotypic identification of ESBL and carbapenemase producer isolates was confirmed by the double-disk synergy test and themodified Hodge test, respectively. Molecular characterization of β-lactamase genes was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followedby sequencing of the obtained products.Results: Among 153 isolates, 31 (20.26%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Nine strains (5.88%) were ESBL producers, of which Klebsiellapneumoniae (n=5; 20.83%), Escherichia coli (n=3; 3.15%), and Enterobacter cloacae (n=1; 9.09%) species were identified. The results of ESBLencodinggene detection by sequencing revealed the presence of CTX-M-15 (n=9) in association with other β-lactamase genes such as temoneira 1 (n=8) and sulfhydryl variable 1 (n=5). According to the modified Hodge test and PCR, three isolates (1.96%) were positive carry the blaConclusion: The emergence of MDR uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae isolates in our community is highly alarming. Strict measures will be required to control the further spread of these uropathogenic isolates. Keywords: Carbapenemase, Enterobacteriaceae, Extended-spectrum-β-lactamases, Moroccan community.OXA-48 gene.Keywords: Carbapenemase, Enterobacteriaceae, Extended-spectrum-β-lactamases, Moroccan community.Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are still commonly diagnosed in outpatients as well as in hospitalized patients. In this study, we investigatedtheprevalenceandperformedmolecularcharacterizationofextended-spectrum-β-lactamases(ESBL)andcarbapenemasesproducedby Enterobacteriaceae isolates that cause community UTIs in Settat city, Morocco. Methods: From January 2012 to December 2013, all uropathogenic community Enterobacteriaceae isolates were collected from the microbiology laboratory of Hassan II Hospital, Settat, Morocco. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Phenotypic identification of ESBL and carbapenemase producer isolates was confirmed by the double-disk synergy test and the modified Hodge test, respectively. Molecular characterization of β-lactamase genes was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing of the obtained products. Results: Among 153 isolates, 31 (20.26%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Nine strains (5.88%) were ESBL producers, of which Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=5; 20.83%), Escherichia coli (n=3; 3.15%), and Enterobacter cloacae (n=1; 9.09%) species were identified. The results of ESBL- encodinggenedetectionbysequencingrevealedthepresenceofCTX-M-15(n=9)inassociationwithotherβ-lactamasegenessuchastemoneira1 OXA-48 (n=8) and sulfhydryl variable 1 (n=5). According to the modified Hodge test and PCR, three isolates (1.96%) were positive carry the bla gene.  Conclusion:TheemergenceofMDRuropathogenicEnterobacteriaceaeisolatesinourcommunityishighlyalarming.Strictmeasureswillberequiredto control the further spread of these uropathogenic isolates. Keywords: Carbapenemase, Enterobacteriaceae, Extended-spectrum-β-lactamases, Moroccan community

Camel urine as a potential source of bioactive molecules showing their efficacy against pathogens: A systematic review

Camels are highly suited for severe desert conditions and able to provide most of the natural products like urine, which has been used as alternative medicine to treat diverse infections and disorders. There is, however, a shortage and paucity of scientific reviews highlighting the antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral effects of camel urine. By better understanding its antimicrobial characteristics, our overarching aim is to provide an exhaustive overview of this valuable natural product by synthesizing and summarizing data on the efficacy of this biofluid and also describing the potential substances exhibiting antimicrobial properties. We searched three databases in order to point out relevant articles (Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar) until December 2022. Research articles of interest evaluating the antimicrobial effects of camel urine were selected. Overall, camel urine furnished promising antibacterial activities against gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus (30 mm), Bacillus cereus (22 mm), Bacillus subtilis (25 mm) and Micrococcus luteus (21 mm), as well as gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, and Salmonella spp., without forgetting its efficiency on Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well. The excretion also showed its potency against H1N1 virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Similarly, the camel urine featured strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and dermatophytes with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.625 μg/ml against Trichophyton violaceum, 2.5 μg/ml against Microsporum canis and 1.25 μg/ml against Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. This comprehensive review will be valuable for researchers interested in investigating the potential of camel urine in the development of novel broad-spectrum key molecules targeting a wide range of drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms

Antibiotic resistance profiling of Uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, Casablanca, Morocco

Introduction: the urinary tract infection is a pathology frequents as well in community as at the hospital. In last years, there has been increased the incidence of antibiotic resistance in Uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. This development explains the need for periodic regional surveillance of this resistance to antibiotics, which poses a real problem of public health, because it affects several molecules ranging from β-lactam to quinolones. Objective: the aims of this study is to determine the profile of antibiotic resistance of Uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae isolated from medical analysis laboratories in Casablanca, Morocco. Materials and methods: This is a prospective study that was conducted on patients who visited medical analysis laboratories in Casablanca city, for urinalysis test from 01 January 2017 to 30 December 2018 (a two full years). The culture was performed according to the usual techniques, and the antibiogram was done according to the recommendations of the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology. The statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft 2016). Results: During our study, we reported 18% of urinary tract infections, Sex ratio F/M was 1.79. In addition, Enterobacteriaceae were the most common germs. Of all the strains isolated, we noted a predominance of Escherichia coli with 75.41%) and Klebsiella ssp with 17.05%. In the course of this study period, we observed high rates of resistance to the main classes of antibiotics, and an overall increase between 2017 and 2018 in this resistance to the majority of β-lactam antibiotics, quinolones and aminoglycosides for almost all species of Uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. However, amikacin was the most active molecule against the Uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae strains isolates. Conclusion: The development of resistance of Uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae to antibiotics is a worrying phenomenon that exposes us to difficulties in the therapeutic management of infections. The current control of antimicrobial resistance is a real emergency and requires the involvement of public awareness before government instructions

Clonal Analysis of Clinical and Environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Meknes Region, Morocco

From 123 clinical and environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 24 strains were selected for their similar antibioresistance, virulence and biofilm formation profiles, to examine their diversity and occurrence of clones within two hospitals and different natural sites in Meknes (Morocco). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, using DraI enzyme, didn’t reveal a close relationship between clinical and environmentalisolates nor between strains of the two hospitals. 19 genotypes were obtained, including two virulent environmental clones and three clini­cal clones virulent and resistant to antibiotics. Intra-hospital transmission of high-risk clones detected, in and between wards, constitutes a great public health concern

Molecular characterization of penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated before and after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation in Casablanca, Morocco

Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially among children and the elderly. The ability to effectively treat pneumococcal infection has been compromised due to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance, particularly to β-lactam drugs. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and molecular evolution of penicillin non-susceptible S. pneumoniae (PNSP) isolated from invasive diseases before and after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation in Casablanca, Morocco. Methods Isolates were obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory of Ibn Rochd University Hospital Centre of Casablanca. Serogrouping was done by Pneumotest Kit and serotyping by the Quellung capsular swelling. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined by disk diffusion and E-test methods. The PNSP were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and by genotyping of pbp1a, pbp2b, and pbp2x genes. Results A total of 361 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 2007 to 2014. Of these isolates, 58.7% were obtained before vaccination (2007–2010) and 41.3% after vaccination (2011–2014). Of the 361 isolates, 80 were PNSP (22.2%). Generally, the proportion of PNSP between pre- and post-vaccination periods were 31 and 13% (p = 0.009), respectively. The proportion of PNSP isolated from pediatric and adult (age > 14 years) patients decreased from 34.5 to 22.9% (p = 0.1) and from 17.7 to 10.2% (p = 0.1) before and after vaccine implementation, respectively. The leading serotypes of PNSP were 14 (33 vs. 57%) and 19A (18 vs. 14%) before and after vaccination among children. For adults, serotypes 19A (53%) and 23F (24%) were the dominant serotypes in the pre-vaccination period, while serotype 14 (22%) was the most prevalent after vaccination. There were 21 pbp genotypes in the pre-vaccination period vs. 12 for post-vaccination period. PFGE clustering showed six clusters of PNSP grouped into three clusters specific to pre-vaccination period (clusters I, II and III), two clusters specific to post-period (clusters V and VI) and a cluster (IV) that contained clones belonging to the two periods of vaccination. Conclusion Our observations demonstrate a high degree of genetic diversity among PNSP. Genetic clustering among PNSP strains showed that they spread mainly by a restricted number of PNSP clones with vaccine serotypes. PFGE clustering combined with pbp genotyping revealed that vaccination can change the population structure of PNSP