Infectious pathogens, pathogenesis, antimicrobial therapy, antimicrobial resistance, and surveillance measures

Antimicrobials are drugs produced by microbes or natural substances such as antibodies, or those produced through synthetic route, that cause the inhibition of microbial growth or kill the microbes at a lower concentration. A significant public health problem that healthcare providers face from dawn to dusk is antibiotic resistance. The mechanisms of antibacterial include inhibition of cell wall synthesis or leakage of cell membranes, inhibition of protein synthesis, or interference with DNA function or intermediary metabolism, and causing misreading of mRNA to affect the permeability. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a worldwide public health challenge. A sound understanding of the pathogens, modes of transmission, pathogenic picture, clinical manifestations, and the emergence of resistance are necessary for the formulation of strategies to address it. The nature of different microbes such as bacteria, fungus, protozoa, and viruses are described with a note on the resistant mechanisms. To address the AMR, several surveillance measures and awareness programs are launched in India. Even though it is a difficult task to reach the broader population, technological advancements in diagnosis, practical implementation, and monitoring the treatment outcomes have reached greater heights in the mitigation of AMR

Marine biome-derived secondary metabolites, a class of promising antineoplastic agents: A systematic review on their classification, mechanism of action and future perspectives.

Cancer is one of the most deadly diseases on the planet. Over the past decades, numerous antineoplastic compounds have been discovered from natural resources such as medicinal plants and marine species as part of multiple drug discovery initiatives. Notably, several marine flora (e.g. Ascophyllum nodosum, Sargassum thunbergii) have been identified as a rich source for novel cytotoxic compounds of different chemical forms. Despite the availability of enormous chemically enhanced new resources, the anticancer potential of marine flora and fauna has received little attention. Interestingly, numerous marine-derived secondary metabolites (e.g., Cytarabine, Trabectedin) have exhibited anticancer effects in preclinical cancer models. Most of the anticancer drugs obtained from marine sources stimulated apoptotic signal transduction pathways in cancer cells, such as the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. This review highlights the sources of different cytotoxic secondary metabolites obtained from marine bacteria, algae, fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the utilisation of numerous marine-derived cytotoxic compounds as anticancer drugs, as well as their modes of action (e.g., molecular target). Finally, it also discusses the future prospects of marine-derived drug developments and their constraints