DETERMINATION OF ALLICIN IN ALLIUM SATIVUM USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND STUDY OF GENOTOXIC EFFECT ON HUMAN LEUKOCYTES

Objectives: Allicin is an organosulfur compound featuring thiosulfinate functional group. The compound is formed in garlic after tissue damage, bythe action of enzyme alliinase on alliin. This study involves extraction of allicin from garlic using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) andstudy of it is the genotoxic effect on human leukocytes.Methods: A simple and rapid reverse phase HPLC was used for the extraction of allicin. Quality allicin, in conjugation with chymosin, was used tostudy its genotoxic effect on leukocytes.Results: Garlic oil and garlic extract showed similar retention time, and we measured the products using genotoxic effects in human leukocyte cultureand it shows statistically not significant.Conclusion: This study suggested that to take a lower concentration of garlic extracts benefits for health and these findings useful for further research.Keywords: Allium sativum, Leukocytes, Chromosome, Genotoxic, High-performance liquid chromatography

Using high-resolution contact networks to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 transmission and control in large-scale multi-day events

The emergence of highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants has created a need to reassess the risk posed by increasing social contacts as countries resume pre-pandemic activities, particularly in the context of resuming large-scale events over multiple days. To examine how social contacts formed in different activity settings influences interventions required to control Delta variant outbreaks, we collected high-resolution data on contacts among passengers and crew on cruise ships and combined the data with network transmission models. We found passengers had a median of 20 (IQR 10–36) unique close contacts per day, and over 60% of their contact episodes were made in dining or sports areas where mask wearing is typically limited. In simulated outbreaks, we found that vaccination coverage and rapid antigen tests had a larger effect than mask mandates alone, indicating the importance of combined interventions against Delta to reduce event risk in the vaccine era

Screening of polymorphisms of transcription factor 7-like 2 gene in polycystic ovary syndrome using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder occurring in premenopausal women, with a prevalence rate of 5%–7%. It has been observed in multiple number of studies the coexistence between diabetes mellitus 2 and obesity with this endocrinopathic disorder. Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene is shown to be associated with insulin secretion. Aim: To screen whether the gene variant of TCF7L2 (formerly TCF4) gene is significantly associated and has susceptibilities with type 2 diabetes in PCOS. This study is essential to uncover diabetogenic association of the TCF7L2 gene variants with PCOS. Design: This was a hospital-based study. Methods: In this work, blood samples from 43 PCOS patients with age and sex similar to 43 control samples were collected, followed by isolation of DNA. Further genotyping of the TCF7L2 gene was carried out by performing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Statistical Analysis: Genotype frequencies of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 gene were checked by Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium of genotype in both PCOS and the control group, and also, the frequencies of the genotype were performed accordingly. Results: There was no significant allelic variation observed among the patient and the control samples. From the patient details, it was observed that women between the age group of 21 and 25 years are susceptible to PCOS. Conclusion: From the PCR-RFLP analysis, it can be stated that there are no expected gene polymorphisms seen in this study, unlike the study carried out on the Chinese population where they observed genotype variations CC, CT, and TT. From this study, we can conclude that TCF7L2 rs7903146 gene cannot be considered as the candidate gene for the occurrence of PCOS

Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny of Poliyar, Malaikuravar and Palliyar Tribes of Tamilnadu, India

Abstract: The objective of the project was to study the inter genetic diversity within and between Poliyar, Malaikuravar and Palliyar tribal populations of Tamil Nadu and to compare these populations with other populations of India and other parts of the world. 50 Poliyar, 24 Malaikuravar and 20 Palliyar samples were taken for the study. Mitochondrial DNA makers HVR1 and from Y-chromosome, SNPs were analysed. The high frequency of C 6 T at 16223 locus of HVR1 region suggests that these populations might fall into "M" haplogroup. Median Joining Network analysis reveals that three populations are endogamous as they showed very less haplotypes. In the Neighbour Joining Tree, Poliyar are clustering with Palliyar, palliyan and kadar tribes of TamilNadu. Malaikuravar are clustering with satmani tribal population whereas Palliyar are clustering with palliyan and kadar tribes of TamilNadu. The mismatch distribution graph reveals that population growth is constant in paliyar while it is expanding in case of Malaikuravar. The Poliyar tribes show this tribes going to show the bottle neck. Y-SNP analysis revealed that Poliyar, Malaikuravar and Palliyar, fall into haplogroup VI, VIII and X suggesting that they must have migrated from South India, Pakistan, South Asia and Central Asia, as there haplotypes are found predominantly in the above region. To elucidate their migration routes, subhaplotyping needed to be done

Studies on genetic diversity of Kongu Vellalar population using mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome markers

The genetic diversity of Kongu Vellalar population of Salem District Tamil Nadu was studied using mt DNA and Y-chromosomal biallelic SNP markers. In this study, 400 base pair of the HVR-1 region and selected coding regions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and 8 Y chromosome SNPs were analyzed in 96 Kongu Vellalar caste population of Tamil Nadu, and compared the results with the available data from the Indian subcontinent. It was observed that all the individuals of Kongu Vellalar caste population were falling in macrohaplogroup M and N. Further, subhaplogrouping of "M" revealed that Kongu Vellalar caste population was falling in haplogroup M*, M35 and M5. On the other hand at the Y chromosome haplogroup level 29% of the studied Kongu Vellalar caste population falls in Indian specific haplogroup M82-H1a. Our study concluded that there might be an admixture of this population with the surrounding Austro-Asiatic populations

Infertility and social issue have the most significant impact on health-related quality of life among polycystic ovarian syndrome women in South India

Background: Infertility can have a significant impact on the identity of women. Individual women, who are infertile, experience tragic emotions, as well as those who are sad for great losses, like the death of a loved one. In this case, the woman is experiencing the loss of the ability to procreate. Aim: In the present study, our major concern was to implement the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) Questionnaire on South Indian polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women to assess the impact of various clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome on the HRQOL of South Indian women diagnosed. Settings and Design: A total of 126 females in the first phase and 356 females in the second phase between the age group of 18–40 years characterised under the Rotterdam criteria were selected for the study. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in three different phases which included a one-to-one interview, group discussion and questionnaire session. In our study, we found that all the females who attend the study showed positivity for all the domains developed in the previous study and suggested that further domain can be developed. Statistical Analysis Used: Suitable statistical methods were used with Graph pad PRISM (version 6). Results: Hence, in our study, we developed a further new sixth domain called as 'social impact domain'. Among South Indian PCOS women, we found that infertility and social issue have the most significant impact on HRQOL. Conclusion: The revised questionnaire by including the sixth domain called 'Social issue' is likely to be useful in measuring the quality of health of female having PCOS in regard to South Indian population

Clinical, cytogenetic and molecular analysis of androgen insensitivity syndromes from south Indian cohort and detection and in-silico characterization of androgen receptor gene mutations

Rare cases of 9 complete androgen insensitivity syndromes, 9 cases of partial androgen insensitivity syndromes and equal number of male control samples were selected for this study. Few strong variations in clinical features were noticed; Giemsa banded metaphase revealed a 46, XY karyotype and the frequency of chromosome aberrations were significantly higher when compared with control samples. DNA sequence analysis of the androgen receptor gene of androgen insensitivity syndromes revealed three missense mutations — c.C1713 > G resulting in the replacement of a highly conserved histidine residue with glutamine p.(His571Glu) in DNA-binding domain, c.A1715 > G resulting in the replacement of a highly conserved tyrosine residue with cysteine p.(Tyr572Cys) in DNA-binding domain and c.G2599 > A resulting in the replacement of a highly conserved valine residue with methionine p.(Val867Met) in ligand-binding domain of androgen receptor gene respectively. The heterozygous type of mutations c.C1713 > G and c.G2599 > A observed in mothers of the patients for familial cases concluding that the mutation was inherited from the mother. The novel mutation c.C1713 > G is reported first time in androgen insensitivity syndrome. In-silico analysis of mutations observed in androgen receptor gene of androgen insensitivity syndrome predicted that the substitution at Y572C and V867M could probably disrupt the protein structure and function