Natural Autoantibodies: Origin, Function and Utility for Diagnosis of Disease

Autoantibodies (aAbs) by the simplest definitions have been described as antibodies against self-antigens and were exclusively associated with autoimmune diseases. Eventually, studies demonstrated that they are abundant in the blood of all human sera, regardless of age, gender, or the presence or absence of disease, and were thus named as ‘natural autoantibodies’. The underlying reason for their ubiquity has remained elusive, but we have hypothesized that they are responsible for clearing blood-borne cell and tissue debris generated under conditions of health and disease. To test this, we chose to use two widely different disease model systems, namely neurodegenerative diseases and breast cancer. In case of neurodegenerative diseases, we were able to demonstrate the connection of neuron-specific autoantibodies with neuropathology and their ubiquitous presence in the blood. Further investigations also elaborated on the complex diversity of human autoantibody profiles amongst individuals under healthy and disease conditions, and how these differences could be used to establish disease specific biomarkers. To correlate disease associated debris production and its autoimmune response, we used a solid tumor model to demonstrate a probable sequence of morphological changes that take place within a solid tumor during tumorigenesis in vivo, and how it leads to an immunological response that was evident from the gradually changing autoantibody profile in mouse sera. We were able to establish a model that would explain how the morphological changes within a solid tumor leads to vascular breakdown and eventual exposure of tumor debris to the immune system leading to a humoral response. Next, we used human protein microarrays to identify autoantibodies in human breast cancer sera that can be utilized as biomarkers to successfully distinguish between early stage breast cancer and sera from age-matched control (healthy) subjects. We also identified autoantibodies against cytokines in human sera, that suggested a possible role of autoantibodies in maintenance and regulation of cytokine activity and half-life. Overall, in this study we were able to demonstrate a direct relationship between the progression of pathology with the changing autoantibody profile, thus, establishing the importance of employing disease associated autoantibodies as biomarkers for nonautoimmune diseases

OCCIDENT AND THE ORIENT: GODS, MYTHS AND CONVERSATIONS

The term ‘indigenous’, since late 20th century, is being extensively used to denote people and literatures, in addition to its previous function of classifying flora and fauna. These people, under international and national legislations are referred as, culturally distinct groups, affected by colonization. The paper raises a query against the categorization of a community and literatures as ‘indigenous’, on the basis of a comparative and descriptive study of myths, historical belief systems, gods and their language systems, partially based on the idea of the structural study of myths (mythemes) as well as, on the notion of a common psyche. For a long span of time, the West hardly knew about East Asian islands (During their stay in Korea from 1653 until 1666 the Dutch came into a stable and well-organized country ~ The journal of Hamel and Korea), thus the two worlds developed without having much contact or knowledge about each other, even when the West and major regions of the East (including Central Asia, Malay islands, and later, Japan) were trading. It can be observed, even when these islands were untouched by the Western world, (only majorly influenced by the Chinese and the Japanese cultures) huge number of gods, belief systems and myths are identical to just be called a coincidence. This resemblance in the historical, socio-cultural, mythical and mystical notions of the two different sides of the world with considerable difference in their geographical occupancy, impels a much deeper and detailed study to understand the development of psyche of the human civilization through the ages and thus assist in discarding the categorizations. Thus, on the basis of the identicalities, the paper attempts to discard the categorization of the Asian culture and literature of the far Eastern islands as indigenous, and provided a level platform alongside Western literature

A Radical Review on Biclustering on Gene Expression Data

A plethora of clustering algorithms are utilised for the process monitoring collected from microarray investigations. Nevertheless, the findings are limited while employing typical clustering approaches. These outcomes are necessitated by the occurrence of distinct experimental situations where the behavior of the genes is unconnected. The same issue applies when traditional clustering techniques is employed. For such a rationale, a variety of algorithms typically synchronously clusters the columns and rows in a gene expression matrices. Such simultaneously clustering, typically referred asbiclustering that detects the groupings of genes and subclasses of columns, where genes demonstrate associated activity for everyone and every condition. These sort of biclustering techniques were employed in numerous industries such as information extraction and data analysis. This research aims to analyze a substantial proportion of biclustering techniques, used mostly for monitoring genomic. It also identifies the genes in compliance with the sort of biclusters they can identify as well as doing the search and also the intended purpose

Radical Analysis Review on Improved Versions of Apriori Algorithm for Association Rule Mining

Worthwhile information can be effectively abridged by the practice of Data mining. ARM namely Association rule mining, considered to be a unique significant data mining utility for locating common as well as frequent itemset. Apriori tactic in data mining is one of the most widely utilized strategies for discerning the frequent itemset in a transaction database. It extracts intriguing connections, common arrangements as well as linkages amid sets of objects from transaction repositories or databanks sources. Mainly the available techniques demand numerous runs through the database for discovering common patterns leading to a substantial number of record reads and exerting a massive strain on the input/output subsystem. Efficiency has been engaged for many times in data processing for detecting common itemsets. Large series of reforms has been presented in the similar research to mitigate the insufficiencies of Apriori algorith

Multi Attribute Decision-making: A Survey

In Decision-making domain, selection of best alternative is a complex problem based on someconflicting criteria. Multi Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) makes it possible to find the best alternatives amongst all alternatives and to find the optimum solution. MCDM can be used across a wide range of application areas. The aim of the survey is mainly focused on different types of MCDM approach, which are robust and also optimal, to solve different real life problems. Analytical Hierarchical Process(AHP), Weighted Product Method(WPM), Ranking Organization method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Simple Additive Weighting(SAW), Elimination EtChoix Traduisant la REalite(ELECTRE), are various types of MCDM methods that we have discussed in this paper. This survey article contains various types of MCDM method and their applications on various domains and discussion about the advantage and disadvantage of each metho

Autoantibodies as Diagnostic Biomarkers for the Detection and Subtyping of Multiple Sclerosis

The goal of this preliminary proof-of-concept study was to use human protein microarrays to identify blood-based autoantibody biomarkers capable of diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS). Using sera from 112 subjects, including 51 MS subjects, autoantibody biomarkers effectively differentiated MS subjects from age- and gender-matched normal and breast cancer controls with 95.0% and 100% overall accuracy, but not from subjects with Parkinson\u27s disease. Autoantibody biomarkers were also useful in distinguishing subjects with the relapsing-remitting form of MS from those with the secondary progressive subtype. These results demonstrate that autoantibodies can be used as noninvasive blood-based biomarkers for the detection and subtyping of M