Littlewood–Paley characterization of discrete Morrey spaces and its application to the discrete martingale transform

The goal of this paper is to develop the Littlewood–Paley theoryof discrete Morrey spaces. As an application, we establish the boundedness ofmartingale transforms. We carefully justify the definition of martingale transforms, since discrete Morrey spaces do not contain discrete Lebesgue spaces asdense subspaces. We also obtain the boundedness of Riesz potentials

Operando analysis of graphite intercalation compounds with fluoride-containing polyatomic anions in aqueous solutions

The formation of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) in aqueous solutions has attracted much attention, but reversibility in the formation/deformation of GICs is a challenging issue to construct highly safe rechargeable batteries. In this study, we used an operando analysis (X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy) to discuss the feasibility of using fluoride-containing polyatomic anions in the formation of GICs in aqueous highly concentrated solutions. We found that the intercalation of anions containing a C₂F₅ moiety (such as [N(SO₂CF₃)(SO₂CF₂CF₃)]⁻ or [N(SO₂CF₂CF₃)₂]⁻) does not occur in the bulk of graphite, but only in the surface region. In addition, anions containing a CF₃ moiety show different behaviors: SO₃CF₃⁻ shows greater reversibility and larger stage-number than N(SO₂CF₃)₂⁻ in the formation of GICs. These results provide design guidelines for the reversible intercalation and de-intercalation of anions and their application as a cathode material in aqueous rechargeable batteries

Kinetic properties of sodium-ion transfer at the interface between graphitic materials and organic electrolyte solutions

Graphitic materials cannot be applied for the negative electrode of sodium-ion battery because the reversible capacities of graphite are anomalously small. To promote electrochemical sodium-ion intercalation into graphitic materials, the interfacial sodium-ion transfer reaction at the interface between graphitized carbon nanosphere (GCNS) electrode and organic electrolyte solutions was investigated. The interfacial lithium-ion transfer reaction was also evaluated for the comparison to the sodium-ion transfer. From the cyclic voltammograms, both lithium-ion and sodium-ion can reversibly intercalate into/from GCNS in all of the electrolytes used here. In the Nyquist plots, the semi-circles at the high frequency region derived from the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) resistance and the semi-circles at the middle frequency region owing to the charge-transfer resistance appeared. The activation energies of both lithium-ion and sodium-ion transfer resistances were measured. The values of activation energies of the interfacial lithium-ion transfer suggested that the interfacial lithium-ion transfer was influenced by the interaction between lithium-ion and solvents, anions or SEI. The activation energies of the interfacial sodium-ion transfer were larger than the expected values of interfacial sodium-ion transfer based on the week Lewis acidity of sodium-ion. In addition, the activation energies of interfacial sodium-ion transfer in dilute FEC-based electrolytes were smaller than those in concentrated electrolytes. The activation energies of the interfacial lithium/sodium-ion transfer of CNS-1100 in FEC-based electrolyte solutions were almost the same as those of CNS-2900, indicating that the mechanism of interfacial charge-transfer reaction seemed to be the same for highly graphitized materials and low-graphitized materials each other

Sodium/Lithium-Ion Transfer Reaction at the Interface between Low-Crystallized Carbon Nanosphere Electrodes and Organic Electrolytes

Carbon nanosphere (CNS) electrodes are the candidate of sodium-ion battery (SIB) negative electrodes with small internal resistances due to their small particle sizes. Electrochemical properties of low-crystallized CNS electrodes in dilute and concentrated sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide/ethylene carbonate + dimethyl carbonate (NaTFSA/EC + DMC) were first investigated. From the cyclic voltammograms, both lithium ion and sodium ion can reversibly insert into/from CNSs in all of the electrolytes used here. The cycling stability of CNSs in concentrated electrolytes was better than that in dilute electrolytes for the SIB system. The interfacial charge-transfer resistances at the interface between CNSs and organic electrolytes were evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In the Nyquist plots, the semicircles at the middle-frequency region were assigned to the parallel circuits of charge-transfer resistances and capacitances. The interfacial sodium-ion transfer resistances in concentrated organic electrolytes were much smaller than those in dilute electrolytes, and the rate capability of CNS electrodes in sodium salt-concentrated electrolytes might be better than in dilute electrolytes, suggesting that CNSs with concentrated electrolytes are the candidate of SIB negative electrode materials with high rate capability. The calculated activation energies of interfacial sodium-ion transfer were dependent on electrolyte compositions and similar to those of interfacial lithium-ion transfer

Black Phosphorus-Graphite Material Composites with a Low Activation Energy of Interfacial Conductivity

The reaction kinetics of electrochemical lithiation/delithiation in a composite consisting of black phosphorus and cup-stacked carbon nanotube (BP-CSCNT) were investigated. Two semicircles were observed in Nyquist plots at the high and low frequency regions, which were attributed to the resistance of lithium-ion transport through the surface film and the resistance of the alloying/dealloying reaction (charge-transfer resistance), respectively. The activation energy using the charge transfer reaction was evaluated from the temperature-dependence of the interfacial conductivity. Even with the use of ethylene carbonate-based and propylene carbonate electrolytes, the activation energy was calculated to be 25–26 kJ mol⁻¹, which is much smaller than that obtained with graphite electrodes and cathode materials. These results indicate that the ionic charge transfer process in BP-CSCNT composite electrodes is not coupled with the desolvation process and suggest that the charge transfer in BP-CSCNT is exceptionally fast compared to that in other insertion materials

Kinetics of Interfacial Lithium-ion Transfer between a Graphite Negative Electrode and a Li₂S-P₂S₅ Glassy Solid Electrolyte

All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries that use sulfide solid electrolytes have attracted much attention due to their high safety and wide electrochemical window. In this study, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and 75Li₂S-25P₂S₅ (mol%) glass were used as a model graphite negative electrode and a sulfide solid electrolyte, respectively. Interfacial lithium-ion transfer between 75Li₂S-25P₂S₅ glass and the HOPG electrode was studied by AC impedance spectroscopy measurements. The activation energy of the interfacial lithium-ion transfer was estimated to be around 37 kJ mol⁻¹, which was much smaller than that at the interface between organic liquid electrolytes and HOPG electrode, indicating that the lithium-ion transfer at the interface between 75Li₂S-25P₂S₅ glass and HOPG electrode proceeded quite rapidly. Furthermore, surface deposition of TiO₂ and surface oxidation on HOPG electrodes were performed using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. Interfacial lithium-ion transfer between 75Li₂S-25P₂S₅ glass and ALD-modified-HOPG electrodes was also investigated. The activation energies of the interfacial lithium-ion transfer were slightly higher than that of HOPG, but the resistance of the charge-transfer process was lower, indicating that the affinity of the HOPG electrode for the glass electrolyte was improved by surface modification

Sex-dependent differences in the ability of nicotine to modulate discrimination learning and cognitive flexibility in mice

Aomine Y., Shimo Y., Sakurai K., et al. Sex-dependent differences in the ability of nicotine to modulate discrimination learning and cognitive flexibility in mice. Journal of Neurochemistry, (2024); https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.16227.Nicotine, an addictive compound found in tobacco, functions as an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. Interestingly, nicotine has been reported to act as a cognitive enhancer in both human subjects and experimental animals. However, its effects in animal studies have not always been consistent, and sex differences have been identified in the effects of nicotine on several behaviors. Specifically, the role that sex plays in modulating the effects of nicotine on discrimination learning and cognitive flexibility in rodents is still unclear. Here, we evaluated sex-dependent differences in the effect of daily nicotine intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration at various doses (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg) on visual discrimination (VD) learning and reversal (VDR) learning in mice. In male mice, 0.5 mg/kg nicotine significantly improved performance in the VDR, but not the VD, task, while 0.5 mg/kg nicotine significantly worsened performance in the VD, but not VDR task in female mice. Furthermore, 0.25 mg/kg nicotine significantly worsened performance in the VD and VDR task only in female mice. Next, to investigate the cellular mechanisms that underlie the sex difference in the effects of nicotine on cognition, transcriptomic analyses were performed focusing on the medial prefrontal cortex tissue samples from male and female mice that had received continuous administration of nicotine for 3 or 18 days. As a result of pathway enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction analysis using gene sets of differentially expressed genes, decreased expression of postsynaptic-related genes in males and increased expression of innate immunity-related genes in females were identified as possible molecular mechanisms related to sex differences in the effects of nicotine on cognition in discrimination learning and cognitive flexibility. Our result suggests that nicotine modulates cognitive function in a sex-dependent manner by alternating the expression of specific gene sets in the medial prefrontal cortex

A case of stricture-type ischemic colitis from excessive alcohol consumption, with follow-up to rule out colon cancer

A 69-year-old man was admitted to Hanawa Kousei Hospital with acute hepatitis attributed to alcohol consumption. His condition improved with conservative treatment. Computed tomography (CT) showed localized thickening of the colonic wall at the splenic flexure;carcinoembryonic antigen level was slightly elevated to 9.7 ng/mL. Colonoscopy (CS) showed an ulcerative lesion in the colonic splenic flexure. Ischemic colitis (IC) and type 4 colon cancer were suspected, but biopsy was not confirmatory. Malignancy could not be ruled out by contrast-enhanced CT;repeat CS showed circumferential stenosis of the colonic splenic flexure. Ischemic colitis was suspected based on changes between the first and second CS. Biopsy histopathology led us to diagnose stricture-type IC. Constipation, but not intestinal obstruction, occurred. Conservative treatment improved the stenosis. Excessive alcohol consumption may lead to IC;imaging studies may be useful to distinguish IC from colon cancer. Since most cases of ischemic colitis can be improved with conservative treatment, patients with stricture-type ischemic colitis may also be treated without surgery early on, with follow-up that includes careful, periodic imaging

モンゴルコク カチクニュウ オヨビ ニュウセイヒンチュウ ノ サイキン ノ クローン ライブラリーホウ ニヨル カイセキ

Various animal milks and their dairy products like AIRAG (fermented horse milk) and yogurt are very popular among Mongolian people. The climate of Mongolia is very severe, and they preserve their health by the intake of above animal milks and dairy products. In this study, we explored the diversity of bacteria in Mongolian animal milks (Cow, Horse, Goat, and Camel), AIRAG, and Camel milk yogurt by the clone library method of their 16S rRNA genes. Firstly, we prepared the whole genomic DNA from four animal milks and two dairy products, and amplified each 16S rRNA genes by PCR. PCR products (about 1.4kbp) were cloned into pGEM-T vector, and analyzed DNA sequences of totally 79 clones from AIRAG, Camel milk yogurt, and four animal milks. It was revealed that homologous clones to Lactobacillus helveticus are dominant in the clone libraries of both dairy products, whereas the other clones to Lactococcus from AIRAG, and Acetobacter from camel milk yogurt. Furthermore, We found that homologous clones to Lactococcus are dominant in Mongolian cow and horse milks, whereas Leuconostoc in camel milk. Therefore, it might be useful information for screening the bioactive strains from milk products in Mongolia

Downregulation of miR-26 promotes invasion and metastasis via targeting interleukin-22 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

It has been reported that certain microRNAs (miRNA) are associated with the pathogenesis of lymphoma. We have previously demonstrated that histone deacetylase inhibitors restore tumor-suppressive miRNAs, such as miR-16, miR-29, miR-150, and miR-26, in advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Among these, the function of miR-26 remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to reveal the function of miR-26 in CTCL oncogenesis. First, we confirmed that the miR-26 family was markedly dysregulated in CTCL cell lines and primary samples. In vivo analysis using miR-26a-transduced CTCL cells injected into immunodeficient NOG mice demonstrated the significant prolonged survival of the mice, suggesting that the miRNA had a tumor-suppressive function. We performed gene expression assays and identified 12 candidate miR-26 targets, namely RGS13, FAM71F1, OAF, SNX21, CDH2, PTPLB, IL22, DNAJB5, CASZ1, CACNA1C, MYH10, and CNR1. Among these, IL22 was the most likely candidate target because the IL-22–STAT3–CCL20–CCR6 cascade is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis of advanced CTCL. In vitro analysis of IL22 and IL22RA knockdown and miR-26 transduction demonstrated inhibited CTCL cell migration. In particular, IL22 knockdown induced cell apoptosis. Finally, we conducted in vivo inoculation analysis of mice injected with shIL22-transfected CTCL cells, and found no tumor invasion or metastasis in the inoculated mice, although the control mice showed multiple tumor invasions and metastases. These results, along with our previous data, demonstrated that miR-26 is a tumor suppressor that is associated with tumor invasion and the metastasis of advanced CTCL by regulating the IL-22–STAT3–CCL20 cascade. Therefore, a IL-22-targeting therapy could be a novel therapeutic strategy for advanced CTCL