ORGANIZATION OF CREDIT OBLIGATIONS AND MONITORING OF COMMERCIAL BANKS

Stability of the socio-economic conditions in the country, the rule of law, the size of the domestic market, rich natural resources, high intellectual potential, stability of the banking and financial system, development of infrastructure and logistics, flexibility of tax policy, participation of foreign investors in the privatization process, foreign capital privileges and preferences, such as the provision of additional facilities to the enterprises with the participation of foreign investors it serves as an important decision in favor of Development and strengthening of the banking system has always been in the focus of our attention, and this is giving its positive results. The country's banking system demonstrates stability and stability. This is explained by the high level of reliability of banks and the lack of reliance on foreign sources of financing, and the negative impact of external shocks. Investment activity of commercial banks is increasing. More than 75% of commercial banks' investments are long-term investment loans for over three years. In general, it should be noted that over the past ten years, lending by the banks to the real sector of the economy has increased 7 times. The unconventional approach to transfer the economically insolvent enterprises to the balance sheets of the banks has justified and proved effective. At present, out of 164 bankrupt enterprises transferred to the banks, 156 have fully restored their production activity, 110 have been sold to new investors. Commercial banks invested 275 billion soums in the technical re-equipment and modernization of such enterprises, resulting in over 22,000 jobs. The role of banks is particularly important in their investment policies for modernization, technical and technological re-equipment of leading sectors of the economy, housing construction, transport and infrastructure communications development. In this regard, commercial banks of the country have problems with the mechanism of lending, monitoring and repayment of loans and the need to develop scientific proposals and practical recommendations aimed at solving these problems

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE PROCESS OF INVESTMENT ATTRACTION

In this fast-changing world, conflicts of interest and rivalry between countries are growing. In such a difficult international environment, it is important to keep our country competitive in the region and in the world. Based on the “Strategy of actions on social and economic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017-2021” adopted for achievement of this goal, the priority directions of our development for the next years are clearly defined. In particular, 76 thousand projects totaling $21 trillion and$ 1 billion have been implemented within the framework of the state program "2018 to support active entrepreneurship, innovative ideas and technologies". Significant results are being achieved in the national economy in industry, agriculture, capital construction, transport and communications, services and services. Studies show that total investment in fixed assets at the expense of all sources of economic and social development of the Republic of Uzbekistan amounted to 68.4 trillion soums (US $ 13.4 billion) in 2017, an increase of 120.4% compared to 2016. The share of investment in fixed assets in GDP was 26.9%, compared with 2016 at 2.8% (18.8% compared to 1991, 22.9% against 2000, 19.9% against 2005). It increased by 24.6% compared to 2010 and by 24.3% compared to 2015

Abnormal behavior, striatal dopamine turnover and opioid peptide gene expression in histamine-deficient mice

Hypothalamic histaminergic neurons regulate a variety of homeostatic, metabolic and cognitive functions. Recent data have suggested a modulatory role of histamine and histamine receptors in shaping striatal activity and connected the histaminergic system to neuropsychiatric disorders. We characterized exploratory behavior and striatal neurotransmission in mice lacking the histamine producing enzyme histidine decarboxylase (Hdc). The mutant mice showed a distinct behavioral pattern during exploration of novel environment, specifically, increased frequency of rearing seated against the wall, jumping and head/body shakes. This behavioral phenotype was associated with decreased levels of striatal dopamine and serotonin and increased level of dopamine metabolite DOPAC. Gene expression levels of dynorphin and enkephalin, opioids released by medium spiny neurons of striatal direct and indirect pathways respectively, were lower in Hdc mutant mice than in control animals. A low dose of amphetamine led to similar behavioral and biochemical outcomes in both genotypes. Increased striatal dopamine turnover was observed in Hdc KO mice after treatment with dopamine precursor l-Dopa. Overall, our study suggests a role for striatal dopamine and opioid peptides in formation of distinct behavioral phenotype of Hdc KO mice.Peer reviewe

Mice Lacking GABA(A) Receptor delta Subunit Have Altered Pharmaco-EEG Responses to Multiple Drugs

In the brain, extrasynaptically expressed ionotropic, delta subunit-containing gamma-aminobutyric acid A-type receptors (delta-GABA(A)Rs) have been implicated in drug effects at both neuronal and behavioral levels. These alterations are supposed to be caused via drug-induced modulation of receptor ionophores affecting chloride ion-mediated inhibitory tonic currents. Often, a transgenic mouse model genetically lacking the delta-GABA(A)Rs (delta-KO) has been used to study the roles of delta-GABA(A)Rs in brain functions, because a specific antagonist of the delta-GABA(A)Rs is still lacking. We have previously observed with these delta-KO mice that activation of delta-GABA(A)Rs is needed for morphine-induced conditioning of place preference, and others have suggested that delta-GABA(A)Rs act as targets selectively for low doses of ethanol. Furthermore, activation of these receptors via drug-mediated agonism induces a robust increase in the slow-wave frequency bands of electroencephalography (EEG). Here, we tested delta-KO mice (compared to littermate wild-type controls) for the pharmaco-EEG responses of a broad spectrum of pharmacologically different drug classes, including alcohol, opioids, stimulants, and psychedelics. Gaboxadol (THIP), a known superagonist of delta-GABA(A)Rs, was included as the positive control, and as expected, delta-KO mice produced a blunted pharmaco-EEG response to 6 mg/kg THIP. Pharmaco-EEGs showed notable differences between treatments but also differences between delta-KO mice and their wild-type littermates. Interestingly mephedrone (4-MMC, 5 mg/kg), an amphetamine-like stimulant, had reduced effects in the delta-KO mice. The responses to ethanol (1 g/kg), LSD (0.2 mg/kg), and morphine (20 mg/kg) were similar in delta-KO and wild-type mice. Since stimulants are not known to act on delta-GABA(A)Rs, our findings on pharmaco-EEG effects of 4-MMC suggest that delta-GABA(A)Rs are involved in the secondary indirect regulation of the brain rhythms after 4-MMC.Peer reviewe

Modeling Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Interactions in Metal-Organic Coordination Networks

Magnetization curves of two rectangular metal-organic coordination networks formed by the organic ligand TCNQ (7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) and two different (Mn and Ni) 3d transition metal atoms [M(3d)] show marked differences that are explained using first principles density functional theory and model calculations. We find that the existence of a weakly dispersive hybrid band with M(3d) and TCNQ character crossing the Fermi level is determinant for the appearance of ferromagnetic coupling between metal centers, as it is the case of the metallic system Ni-TCNQ but not of the insulating system Mn-TCNQ. The spin magnetic moment localized at the Ni atoms induces a significant spin polarization in the organic molecule; the corresponding spin density being delocalized along the whole system. The exchange interaction between localized spins at Ni centers and the itinerant spin density is ferromagnetic. Based on two different model Hamiltonians, we estimate the strength of exchange couplings between magnetic atoms for both Ni- and Mn-TCNQ networks that results in weak ferromagnetic and very weak antiferromagnetic correlations for Ni- and Mn-TCNQ networks, respectively.Comment: 27 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication; Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2014

Increased Sensitivity of Mice Lacking Extrasynaptic delta-Containing GABA(A) Receptors to Histamine Receptor 3 Antagonists

Histamine/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons of posterior hypothalamus send wide projections to many brain areas and participate in stabilizing the wake state. Recent research has suggested that GABA released from the histamine/GABA neurons acts on extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors and balances the excitatory effect of histamine. In the current study, we show the presence of vesicular GABA transporter mRNA in a majority of quantified hypothalamic histaminergic neurons, which suggest vesicular release of GABA. As histamine/GABA neurons form conventional synapses infrequently, it is possible that GABA released from these neurons diffuses to target areas by volume transmission and acts on extrasynaptic GABA receptors. To investigate this hypothesis, mice lacking extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor delta subunit (Gabrd KO) were used. A pharmacological approach was employed to activate histamine/GABA neurons and induce histamine and presumably, GABA, release. Control and Gabrd KO mice were treated with histamine receptor 3 (Hrh3) inverse agonists ciproxifan and pitolisant, which block Hrh3 autoreceptors on histamine/GABA neurons and histamine-dependently promote wakefulness. Low doses of ciproxifan (1 mg/kg) and pitolisant (5 mg/kg) reduced locomotion in Gabrd KO, but not in WT mice. EEG recording showed that Gabrd KO mice were also more sensitive to the wake-promoting effect of ciproxifan (3 mg/kg) than control mice. Low frequency delta waves, associated with NREM sleep, were significantly suppressed in Gabrd KO mice compared with the WT group. Ciproxifan-induced wakefulness was blocked by histamine synthesis inhibitor alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (alpha FMH). The findings indicate that both histamine and GABA, released from histamine/GABA neurons, are involved in regulation of brain arousal states and delta-containing subunit GABA(A) receptors are involved in mediating GABA response.Peer reviewe

Technologies used in natural gas dehydration: Problems and solutions

This article provides a thorough exploration of diverse technologies utilized in the dehydration of natural gas. These include glycol absorption, desiccant adsorption, solvent salt adsorption, chemical cooling, and hydrate suppression processes. The content delves into the merits of each technology, outlines common challenges encountered, and presents optimal solutions. Notably, the article focuses on the specific challenges arising from glycol absorption, particularly in select gas fields and underground gas storage facilities in Uzbekistan. This comprehensive examination of dehydration technologies, coupled with the in-depth analysis of solutions for glycol absorption issues, enhances our collective understanding of gas processing methodologies. By addressing the intricacies of each technology and proposing effective solutions, the article stands as a valuable resource for professionals and researchers immersed in the realm of natural gas dehydration. The insights offered contribute to refining and advancing gas processing strategies, making it an essential reference for those navigating the complexities associated with this critical aspect of the energy industry

Labor Migration of The Population and Evaluation of Supply Chain on the Labor Market

The article considers internal and external labor migration and supply chain effects in the process of forming the internal labor market in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The quantitative and qualitative composition of labor resources is identified in conjunction with other factors determining the pace of the country’s economic development, the level of the population welfare and the overall economic potential of the socio-economic system as a whole are determined. Within this context, scientific research in the field of organized labor migration and its impact on employment, formation of basic concepts characterizing migration processes, and the development of a new migration policy seem relevant. Economic transformations associated with the development of new forms of ownership, labor relations, the emergence of new socially vulnerable segments of the population in the republic suggest the improvement of the state employment policy. To that end, it is advisable to develop and use more advanced forms and methods for regulating labor migration of the population, including within the republic. The considered positive and negative consequences of the labor import impact on the economy of the receiving state mainly indicate the systematic nature of labor migration and its complexity for scientific analysis. Certain short term positive effects can give an impetus to negative trends in the long-term, which dictates the need for government management by migration processes, aiming to maximize the positive effects and minimize costs