Reduction of Limb Position Invariant of SEMG Signals for Improved Prosthetic Control using Spectrogram

Prostheses are artificial devices that replace a missing body part, which might be lost through injury, infection, or a condition present at birth. It is proposed to re-establish the normal functions of the missing body part and can be made by hand or with a computer-aided design. As per the World Health Organization, around 160,000 individuals in Malaysia are required to use prostheses. One of the elements that influence the current prosthesis control is that the variety in the limb position and normal use results in different electromyogram (EMG) signals with the same movement at various positions. Consequently, the objective of this study is to ensure that amputees can control their prosthetics in an exact manner regardless of their hand movement and limb position. The raw EMG signals are taken from eight different hand movements’ classes at five different limb positions and each of these hand movements has seven electrodes attach to it. This paper utilizes time-frequency distribution which is spectrogram to extract the EMG feature and six SVM classification learners; linear, quadratic, cubic, fine Gaussian, medium Gaussian, and coarse Gaussian were compared to find the most reasonable one for this application. The analysis performance is then verified based on classification accuracy. From the results, the overall accuracy for the classification is 65% (linear), 87.5% (quadratic) and 97.5% (cubic), 100% (fine Gaussian), 70% (medium Gaussian, and 45% (coarse Gaussian), respectively. It is believed that the study could fill in as knowledge to improve conventional prosthetic control strategies

A Comparability Study on Driver Fatigue Using C#, C++ and Python

Accidents on road are very commonthese days. Most of them are caused by driverfatigueness. Some common causes and symptomshave been identified. One of the main solutionto detect driver fatigue is by analyzing the facialfeatures of the drivers. This paper discusses aboutthe facial features that can be used to detect driverfatigue. Further examples on existing vehiclesafety technology is also discussed. Primarily, thiswork emphasizes on the study of three differentprogramming languages and its compatibilitywhich works best to be integrated with theproposed hardware. Based on the study, theresult is discussed and the suitable programminglanguage is suggested

Real-Time Connected Car Services

In recent years, the patterns ofconnected car are tied in with giving driversmore answers for making the journeyconsistent. Vehicles today are outfitted withhigh innovation highlights and in-vehicleavailability. The Integrated Connected VehicleServices is produced to convey an incorporateddriving experience to all vehicle owners, tomake a communication stage for drivers toimpart and share data between vehicles. Thesystem allows to discover nearby vehicles insiderange, giving the driver early notice caution ofcrisis vehicles inside certain range. Moreover,the system likewise enables the driver to sharebasic data which later plots into the maps foralternate drivers to view and plan the journey.The information of transmission between thevehicles are incorporated through firebase cloudservices. Firebase is known as an effective clouddatabase and ready to screen the applicationdevelopment

Absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing over wavelength division multiplexing system

The performance of absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing (AP-DCDM) over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system is presented based on the simulation results. The AP-DCDM signal has narrower bandwidth than conventional time division multiplexing (TDM) signal, which makes its implementation in WDM system advantageous. In this paper, characteristics of AP-DCDM and TDM signals in WDM system are compared at the speed of 40 Gbit/s per channel, for the minimum allowed channel spacing and the chromatic dispersion tolerance. The results clearly show that AP-DCDM performs significantly better than TDM. By using AP-DCDM, 1.28 Tbit/s (32 x 40 Gbit/s) was successfully transmitted over 320 km standard single mode fiber. Spectral efficiency of 0.64 b/s/Hz was achieved by using 10 Gbit/s transmitters and receivers without polarization multiplexing

Realization of high capacity transmission in fiber optic communication systems using absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing (AP-DCDM) technique

An electrical multiplexing technique, namely Absolute Polar Duty Cycle Division Multiplexing (AP-DCDM) is reported for high-speed optical fiber communication systems. It is demonstrated that 40 Gb/s (4 x 10 Gb/s) AP-DCDM system shows a clear advantage over conventional 40 Gb/s RZ-OOK with 50 duty cycle in terms of dispersion tolerance and spectral efficiency. At 40 Gb/s its tolerance to chromatic dispersion (CD) is 124 ps/nm and 194 ps/nm for the worst and the best user, respectively. These values are higher than that of 40 Gb/s RZ-OOK, which is around 100 ps/nm. The spectral efficiency, receiver sensitivity and OSNR for different number of channels are discussed. Comparison against other modulation formats namely duobinary, Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ)-OOK and RZ-Differential Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (RZ-DQPSK) at 40 Gb/s are made. It is shown that AP-DCDM has the best receiver sensitivity (-32 dBm) and better CD tolerance (+/- 200 ps/nm) than NRZ-OOK and RZ-DQPSK. In reference to duobinary, AP-DCDM has better receiver sensitivity but worse dispersion tolerance

Analysis of return-to-zero-on-off-keying over absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing in dispersive transmission medium

We propose and investigate a technique to reduce the spectral width as well as increase the tolerance to chromatic dispersion (CD) using improved return-to-zero (RZ) on-off-keying (OOK) over absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing (AP-DCDM) technique. The proposed channel multiplexing and demultiplexing are performed electrically using only one modulator for n number of users, which is very economical. It is demonstrated that the spectral width occupied by 30 Gb/s RZ-OOK without AP-DCDM measured at 220 dB from the peak power is around 105 GHz whereas, this value can be reduced to around 64 GHz for 30 Gb/s RZ-OOK over AP-DCDM. This amount of saving in the spectral width is a significant achievement, which leads to better tolerance to CD. Its tolerance to CD is in the range of +/- 109 and +/- 155ps/nm, for the worst and the best users, respectively. These values are higher than that of 30 Gb/s conventional RZ-OOK, which is around +/- 86.5 ps/nm. At 120 Gb/s RZ-OOK over AP-DCDM ( the worst user) has pre-amplified receiver sensitivity and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) of 222.5 dBm and 28.57 dB, respectively

Decision circuit and bit error rate estimation for absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing

A novel concepts of decision circuit and Bit-error-rate (BER) estimation method for Absolute Polar Duty Cycle Division Multiplexing (AP-DCDM) is proposed The concepts have significant differences to those used in conventional microwave communication receivers. This is due to the unique characteristics of the multilevel signal produced in AP-DCDM system. The BER estimation method is validated by simulation and compared against bit-to-bit comparison method