THE ANALYSIS OF BLAST-INDUCED GROUND VIBRATIONS FOR DIFFERENT ROCK UNITS

This paper presents the analysis of ground vibration parameters induced by blasting excavations realized at different sites located close to the residential areas. Within the scope of this study, in order to predict peak particle velocity and determine the slope of the attenuation curve for all sites and rock units, ground vibration components were measured for all blast events over a long period. During the study, while the parameters of scaled distance were recorded carefully, the ground vibration components were measured by suitable monitors for the all blast events of all blasting sites. At the end of evaluation of the data pairs, empirical relations, which gives average line at 95% confidence level and upper bound 95% prediction line with good correlation coefficients were established and suggested for each site and rock unit. As a result of the studies in different rock units in question, some practical charts are created in order to minimize the psychological effects of the shots and make the authorities of shots job easier and make sure that the shots in different rock units will be done in a controlled way

A new damage criteria norm for blast-induced ground vibrations in Turkey

Environmental problems such as vibration and air blast are often faced and discussed in mining, quarrying, civil construction, shaft tunnel, pipeline, and dam operations, where blasting is inevitable. It is necessary to establish national standards in order to minimize environmental problems induced by blasting and judicial matters in our country as it is in the USA, European Union (EU) countries, and other developed countries. This necessity and the obligation of Turkey, which has started the procedure of joining the EU, to accept EU criteria emphasize the importance of this study. In other words, the establishment of a particular national standard related with this subject is inevitable for Turkey. This will be possible only by studying and applying scientific methods and techniques by experts. This paper presents a new damage criterion norm for blast-induced ground vibrations in Turkey. In this study, first, numerous vibration records were taken in blasting operations performed at different sites and rock units. For these rock units, particle velocity predictions and frequency analysis were done. At the same time, structures in the neighborhoods of these blasts were also observed and investigated. Finally, a damage criterion norm based on risk analysis was established and proposed by using these collected data. In light of the norm to be obtained from the data that were collected in the research, it will lead the excavation work in our country to be performed in such way that they are more effective and will cause minimum environmental problems

Bench blasting design based on site-specific attenuation formula in a quarry

This research was performed on the quarry that will be opened to produce aggregates and rock filling material at Catalagzi region at Zonguldak province in Turkey. However, there are some structures which can be adversely affected by blasting at the quarry. These structures are a methane exploration drill hole and a house at the distances of 340 and 390 m, respectively. One of the main goals of this study is to perform a preliminary assessment of possible damage effect of ground vibrations induced by blasting on these structures by risk analysis based on ground vibration measurements. In order to propose a preliminary blast design models separately for aggregate and rock filling material production, six test shots with different maximum charge per delay were planned and fired at the quarry. In these shots, 90 events were recorded. To predict peak particle velocity (PPV), the relationship between the recorded peak particle velocities and scaled distances were investigated. During this investigation, the data pairs were statistically analyzed and a PPV prediction equation specific to this site with 95% prediction line were obtained. And also, this equation was used in the derivation of the practical blasting charts specific to this site as a practical way of predicting the peak particle velocity and maximum charge per delay for future blasting. A risk analysis was performed by using this equation. In the light of this analysis, preliminary blast design models were proposed to be used in this quarry for aggregate and rock filling material production

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROUND VIBRATION, PARTICLE SIZE AND SEISMIC ENERGY CAUSED BY BLASTING

In this study, the relationship between ground vibration, particle size distribution and energy distribution caused by blasting were investigated. For this purpose, ground vibrations were measured by using ground vibration monitors, Seismic Energies were calculated according to ground vibrations and particle size distribution were analyzed by using Split Desktop software. After these measurements and simulation, The relationship between PPV and SD which is the most widely used relationship in literature to predict the peak particle velocities were established with strong correlation coefficient (r = 0.89) by log-linear regression analysis. In order to improve this prediction equation, another relationship which takes d50 and Seismic Energies into account in addition to SD and PPV were tried to be established. This new relationship were obtained with a strong reasonable correlation coefficient (r = 0.98) by applying multiple regression analysis with SPSS. It can be seen that the correlation coefficient of the latter relationship is rather stronger than the correlation coefficient of former relationship. Therefore, the more accurately predictability of PPV was asserted with this relationship

The analysis of ground vibrations induced by bench blasting at Akyol quarry and practical blasting charts

Ground vibrations arising from excavation with blasting is one of the fundamental problems in the mining industry. Therefore, the prediction of ground vibration components plays an important role in the minimization of environmental complaints. In this study, 582 events were recorded during limestone production at a quarry (Akyol Quarry) during a period of time. The blasting parameters of these shots were also carefully recorded. During the statistical analysis of the collected data, three predictor equations proposed by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM), Ambraseys-Hendron and Langefors-Kihlstrom were used to establish a relationship between peak particle velocity and scaled distance described by these prediction equations. As a result of this analysis, the most powerful relationship was determined and proposed to be used in this site. And also, this equation was used in the derivation of the practical blasting charts specific to this site as a practical way of predicting the peak particle velocity and maximum charge amount per delay for future blasting

THE ANALYSIS OF GROUND VIBRATION BLAST INDUCED ON ISTANBUL KAVACIK-BEYKOZ WASTE WATER TUNNEL

This paper presents the results of ground vibration measurements and environmental issues occurred on tunnel blasting activities during Kavacik-Beykoz waste water tunnel construction under a residential area in Istanbul, Turkey. Within the scope of the study, the blasting pattern of tunnel was engineered by using Tunnel 2000 design software. 5 events in 5 shots at S2 shaft tunnels, , 6 events in 6 shots at S4 shaft tunnels,, 32 events in 32 shots at S6-shaft tunnels and, 7 events in 7 shots at S7 shaft tunnels were recorded.. The particle velocities and frequencies associated with 50 shots during the advancement of the tunnels were monitored and analyzed by vibration monitors at the test site. Scaled distance and peak particle velocity data pairs were analyzed statistically. During the statistical analysis, three different predictor equations widely used in the literature were used to predict peak particle velocity (PPV) and the results and comparison of the predictor equations are presented in this paper. As a result of this analysis, empirical relationships between Scaled distance and peak particle velocity for these regions were established with higher correlation coefficients. Finally, the particle velocities and frequency values of all blast events were evaluated according to T.C. Ministry of Environment and Forest's Regulation of Management and Evaluation of Noise, The United Sates Bureau of Mines (USBM) and German DIN 4150 Norms in order to predict, and compare the influence grades to the neighboring buildings, and structures

DELPAT APPLICATIONS AND GROUND VIBRATION ANALYSIS CAUSED BY BLASTING AT EXCAVATION OF BOYABAT DAM AND HPP CONSTRUCTION

DelPat program makes possible to design of blasting operations and cost estimation with ground vibration analysis arising from blasting. In this study, these applications of Del Pat program were used for blasting works in excavation of Boyabat Dam and H.P.P. (Hydroelectric Power Plant) construction and the results were researched extensively. Blasting design was done and the results of planned blasting works and ground vibration measurements were analyzed by use of DelPat. At the end of some shots, 35 events were recorded by ground vibration monitors and the data which taken from these measurements were evaluated and ground transmission coefficient and specific geological constant were determined. Thus, the equation of site specific ground vibration prediction was asserted

THE INVESTIGATION OF GROUND VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS AT AN AGREGATE QUARRY IN ISTANBUL-TURKEY

In this study, the vibration and air shock measurement results are given in order to evaluate the environmental results of excavation works with explosions executed in the agrega quarry by Ilkdal Mining Industry Ltd. Corp. which is working in the borders of Kemerburgaz region of Eyup county in istanbul city on producing agrega. The blasting pattern, explosive material charge parameters and vibration measurement results of each blastings are recorded. In the research, the frequency and particle velocity quantities of 31 events of overall 6 different blastings which are take place all in the area which is in question in different times are determined with recording devices. Then, in order to determine particle velocity, scaled distance and particle velocity data are analysed fort he area in question. During this analysis, distance equality with square root and scale which is widely used in literature is used. In the end of evaluation, for the area in question, between the scaled distance and particle velocity, with a prediction tolerance of 95%, an empirical connection with a good correlation (r=0,75) is obtained and recommended. By using this connection, the highest particle velocity, tables which cotain the prediction of the maximum charge quantities per delay are given and some suggestions which should be taken in care in the next works are put forward and these will provide practical easines in usage in future blastings. To compare and estimate the impact levels of the results obtained from the area in question on the surrounding buildings and institutions; with taking frequencies of particle velocity components in consideration, are evaluated according to universally accepted German DIN 4150 Norm, USBM Norm and T.C. Ministry of Environment and Forest's Regulation of Management and Evaluation of Noise

Environmentally sensitive blasting design based on risk analysis by using artificial neural networks

The aim of this study is to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) which can design an environmentally sensitive blasting project and predict peak particle velocity (PPV) for an urban foundation excavation project with risk elements having different vibration-carrying capacities. In the study area, there are risk factors with different vibration capacities such as revetment systems and ongoing and completed reinforced concrete structures. It is mandatory to use the PPV limit values specified in the Turkish norm when assessing damage to the completed buildings. However, the vibration-carrying capacities of all structures in Turkish norm are accepted as the same. This situation may pose a risk to the buildings under construction. This risk has been avoided by using Jimeno et al. approach, where PPV limit values vary according to the type of buildings and the concrete setting times. The evaluation of different risk factors according to different damage criteria has made blasting excavation activities a complicated problem. In order to solve this problem, an ANN was used which knows the damage criteria that should be based on the element of risk and the geological and rock properties of the site. At the same time, the ANN can predict the blasting designs to be applied according to the element of risk, concrete setting times, and the distance to the risk point and can estimate the PPV to be occurred. Site-specific vibration propagation equation has been obtained as a result of the test shots. Using this equation, the maximum charge amounts per delay were calculated in different regions of the field, and different designs were proposed accordingly. ANN was trained with the samples representing the test shots, and the proposed designs and the performance were evaluated. The outputs of the ANN model, which can learn the problem and provide high accuracy estimates, were applied at 37 shots. PPV values measured at 37 shots were below the damage limits. This shows that the network is capable of the geological and rock properties of the site, and outputs that can represent vibration-carrying capacities of elements of risk. As a result, it is understood that ANN was found to be an effective tool in solving complex problems such as in this study

A STUDY OF INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLAST FRAGMENTATION AND GROUND VIBRATIONS INDUCED BY BLASTING

The environmental problems arising from ground vibration has been faced and discussed frequently in various industries such as quarry, mining, civil works, shaft, tunneling, pipe line and dam construction etc. where the blasting operations are unavoidable. In bench blast design, not only the technical and economical aspects, such as block size, uniformity and cost, but also the elimination of environmental problems resulting from ground vibration and air blast should be taken into consideration. One of the fundamental requirements for being able to optimize blasting is the ability to predict fragmentation. The prediction of ground vibration components plays an important role in the minimization of the environmental complaints