Anticoagulant effectiveness of glycosaminoglycan extracted from the scale of Binni, Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi (Cyprinidae)

Fishery wastes are one of natural resources to extract bioactive substances such as collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG). The anticoagulant activity of glycosaminoglycans extracted from Binni fish, Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi scales was the aim of this study. The cationic salt of cetyl pyridinium chloride was used to extract the glycosaminoglycan. The structure of the isolated glycosaminoglycan was identified by ELISE glycosaminoglycan kit and compared to that of heparin. Prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) on plasma of male mice at three concentrations of 20, 40, and 100 g/ml were used to determine the coagulant property of the extracted substance. The extracted glycosaminoglycan was calculated to be around 27.7 mg/g of dry tissue. The presence of heparin-like molecules in the glycosaminoglycan isolated from fish scales was confirmed by ELISE GAG kit. When the concentration of isolated glycosaminoglycan was increased, the time to coagulate rose. The PT and TT coagulation times were 4:1 and 2:1. Times faster than the control at 100 g/ml. When compared to synthetic anticoagulant substances like heparin, the glycosaminoglycan isolated from fish scales displayed good anticoagulation qualities

Assessing the Impact of Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum) Extract on Intestinal and Hepatic Histological Alterations in Broiler Chickens Infected with Salmonella typhimurium

This study investigated effects of aqueous and ethanolic clove extracts in small intestine and liver of chickens exposed to Salmonella typhimurium. Two hundred fifty-day-old chicks were divided into five groups. Group 1 served as the control and received a basic diet.Group 2 was orally infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Group 3 received same infection but was treated with Ciprofloxacin. Groups 4 and 5 were infected but received treatments of aqueous and ethanolic clove extracts, respectively. The findings revealed that Group 1 exhibited normal small intestine, while Group 2 displayed severe abnormalities, including flattened mucosa, damaged villi, and inflammation. Group 3 showed improvements, increased cell growth and goblet cells in the small intestine. Group 4 displayed nearly normal intestinal features. Group 5 had fully restored intestinal health. In the liver, Group 1 showed typical hepatic structure, whereas Group 2 exhibited signs of inflammation and hepatocyte necrosis. Group 3 displayed severe hepatocyte damage, while Group 4 demonstrated restored liver structure with slight sinusoidal dilation. Group 5 had a well-preserved hepatic architecture with minor inflammation. Administration of 2 mg/kg of aqueous and ethanolic clove extracts demonstrated alleviate histological alterations in small intestine and liver caused by Salmonella typhimurium infection. Notably, the aqueous extract is more effective than ethanolic extract in reducing liver and intestine damage

Exam Anxiety (High Epinephrine- EAE) and infected with (Helicobacter pylori) of the students Volunteer

This is the second research was take place to microbiological and physiological  evaluations have shown that Exam anxiety (EAE)  can alter the health of stomach of students during exam and this lead to infected with Helicobacter pylori was known as a pathogen related to peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma . We observed into whether pharmacy students through exams are stressful enough to cause changes in gastric secretion as consequences Helicobacter pylori infected.  Procedures: This study designed to evaluate H. pylori infection in student during exam had morning sickness nausea and vomiting related to the anxiety and gastric secretion. casual sample of female and male second stages of students from college of Pharmacy in Al-Qadisiyah University carried to inspect were taken before second final-course exam and during the exam of mid-course determination(1 month). Finally, from 137 students 87 student were infected (20-21years) , with sever to moderate  nausea attended the outpatient and specialized clinic. The serological frequency of H. pylori was 63.5% in students,  compare with non-infected students 36.5% of the cases who had mild gastric pain, nausea, and burning of the stomach due to anxiety from exam. Most infected student with H. pylori were the severe symptoms (57.5%) moderate (28.%), and  mild (20%) cases. This study found that severe nausea and vomiting, dyspepsia, and other gastrointestinal symptoms during exam were increased  with the infection by H. pylori;  and the same times may be gastric secretion increased significantly (p≤0.001) condition consequently, it is a danger factor for difficulties in student and its poor outcomes, especially in developing countries, such as Iraq. These results can be minimized by improving the socioeconomic and public health conditions. H. pylori infection in student is considered a main health problem and should be treated before  . Further investigations are required in this regard and researchers are recommended to conduct studies on the Exam anxiety to recognize How it has the specific pathophysiology related to H. pylori infection