Preparation and Characterization for a New ZnO - Montmorillonite Hybrid from Iraqi (Traifawi) Clay Minerals

A new hybrid materials of zinc oxide with Iraqi (Traifawi) montmorillonite were synthesized by mixing 15 g. of H – form initiated montmorillonite with 100 ml saturated aqueous solution of Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) with continuous agitation at 60 ºC, and the mixture was allowed to react for 24 h. to ensure maximum interlayer Zn+2 cations intercalation. The resulting Zn – intercalated montmorillonite solid was separated by centrifugation, washed several times with deionized water for free (HCl), dried at 100 ºC for 24 h. and calcined at 900 ºC using Muffle Furnace. ZnO –montmorillonite hybrid was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fluorescence spectroscopy. The appearance of the reflections due to ZnO crystal in the XRD patterns of ZnO–montmorillonite and Zn – montmorillonite was ascribed to the formation of ZnO and Zn+2 ions on the solid surfaces. ZnO – montmorillonite hybrid (SEM) images show the flower-shaped structures on the external surface of clay mineral in a complete flower like morphology composed with sharp tipped hexagonal Nano rods. The enhancement in emission intensity of the zinc oxide hybrids may be probably due to increase in oxygen vacancies defect arose by the surrounding environment of montmorillonite. Keywords: Characterization, Iraqi (Traifawi), ZnO - Montmorillonite, hybrid

Preparation and Characterization of New Magnetic Montmorillonite Clay Mineral by Intercalation of Iron Oxides in West Iraqi Layered Bentonite

A new magnetic montmorillonite hybrid materials of iron (Fe II, Fe III) with Iraqi (Traifawi) montmorillonite were synthesized by mixing 15 g. of H – form initiated montmorillonite with 100 ml saturated aqueous solutions of different percent ratios of ferric and ferrous chlorides (FeCl3 & FeCl2) with continuous agitation at 60ºC, and the mixture is allowed to react for 24 h. to ensure maximum interlayer (Fe+3 & Fe+2) cations intercalation. The resulting Fe – intercalated montmorillonite solids were separated by centrifugation, washed several times with deionized water to free Hydrochloric acid (HCl), dried at 100 ºC for 24 h. (Fe II, Fe III)  –montmorillonite was characterized by Magnetic susceptibility measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The intercalated bentonite samples show high Magnetic susceptibilities due to increment or decrement of Magnetite and Hematite content in these clay samples. All the XRD patterns of iron (Fe II, Fe III) montmorillonite nanocomposites shows a red shift in the position of Montmorillonite mineral main peak due to the emergence of new magnetic clay mineral by intercalation of (Fe II, Fe III) in montmorillonite. Also the clay reflections, present some additional peaks that obviously originate from iron oxides (Hematite Fe2O3), and (Magnetite Fe3O4). FT-IR patterns of (Fe II, Fe III) – montmorillonite samples noticed the appearance of new peaks belongs to (Hematite) Fe2O3 stretching vibration, Fe-O stretching vibration, and (Magnetite Fe3O4) stretching vibration. SEM images of (Fe II, Fe III) – montmorillonite samples showed a change in the nature of the Montmorillonite clay surface. Keywords: Intercalation, West Iraqi, Magnetic Montmorillonite, Layered Bentonite

Qualitative and quantitative determination of lignin in different types of Iraqi Phoenix dactylifera Date palm pruning woods

The target of this study is to find analytical data base for Iraqi phoenix date palm pruning woods, which produced by pruning process at the season of date palm production. Lignin has been extracted and purified for five  types of Iraqi date palm using Klason lignin method. The weight of the extracted lignin ranged from (0.473 g – 0.600 g) and the lignin % ranged from (23.5 – 30). The other ingredients (waxes, oils, resin, and proteins of wood gums) % ranged from (11.2 – 53.5). FT– IR Characterization showed that the (-OH) phenolic group appear in Digal lignin structure only and dis appear in other lignin samples, and the (4-O-5 inter monomeric lignin linkage) showed moderate to weak  intensity peaks for all studied samples except the Humrani sample at (1271 cm-1) has a strong intensity peak. Also (DODO inter monomeric lignin linkage) showed strong intensity peaks for each (Humrani at 1116 cm-1, and Tibarzal at 1111 cm-1). UV – Vis. Characterization showed that the lowest absorption maximum (267 nm) corresponds to Basrawi lignin sample, While the highest absorption maximum (297 nm) corresponds to Tibarzal lignin sample. Keywords: Qualitative and quantitative determination , pruning woods, lignin, Phoenix dactylifera

Development of chitosan-based adsorbents for removal of reactive Azo Dyes from Aqueous solution.

The adsorption of reactive blue 19 (RB19), reactive orange 16 (R016) and reactive black 5 (RB5) on cross-linked chitosan/oil palm ash composite beads was studied in batch and column modes of operation. Penjerapan pencelup reaktif biru 19 (RB19), reaktif oren 16 (R016) dan reaktif hitam (RB5) menggunakan manik-manik komposit chitosan/abu kelapa sawit terpaut silangan dikaji pada kedua-dua keadaan operasi iaitu kelompok dan turus

Adsorption Isotherms For Phenol Onto Activated Carbon.

This laboratory study investigated the effectiveness of two types of activated carbons (ACs), NORIT Granular Activated Carbon (NAC 1240) and NORIT Granular Activated Carbon D10 (NAC D10),for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions. The study was carried out under batch mode at different initial concentrations (10-60mg/I) and at temperature of 30°C. The adsorption isotherm parameters for the Langmuir and Freundlich models were determined using the adsorption data. It was found that both the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms described well the adsorption behavior of phenol on NAC D10, while the Freundlich isotherm described very well the adsorption of phenol on NAC 1240

Adsorption Equlibrium Of Phenols From Aqueous Solution Using Modified Clay.

The adsorption equilibrium study of phenol, 3-chlorophenol and o-cresol from liquid-phase system was carried out at temperature of 30°C using modified montmorillonite

Adsorption Isotherm Of O-cresol From Aqueous Solution By Granular Activated Carbon.

Equilibrium adsorption isotherms of o-cresol from aqueous solution were investigated by a series of laboratory batch studies

Aqueous-Phase Adsorption Of Phenolic Compounds On Activated Carbon.

Laboratory batch studies were conducted on adsorption of phenol, 3-chlorophenol and o-cresol from aqueous solution by Norit Granular Activated Carbon (NAC 1240)

Single And Binary Adsorption Of Phenol And 3-Chlorophenol Onto Granular Activated Carbon.

Removal of phenol and 3-chlorophenol from single and bisolute diluted aqueous solution through adsorption on commercial granular activated carbon were experimentally investigated

[ENV03]Equilibrium Adsorption Study Of 3-Chlorophenol And O-cresol On Modified Mantmorillonite.

Phenolic compounds are commonly produced in wastewater streams generated by petrochemical, oil refineries, coal conversion,steel plant, paint and phenol-producing industries (Gallego et al., 2003; Aygunn et al.,2003)