The Justification of Urdu Letters with Similar Sounds and Diacritics

Urdu script is derived from the Arabic script but Urdu differs from Arabic in its nature and unlike Arabic some sounds are pronounced like each other. Due to that some experts object to Urdu script and suggest the removal of letters with similar sounds. But the removal of these letters can create many complexities and difficulties which cannot be resolved. These eight specific sounds of Urdu are common to Pakistani languages ​​such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Kashmiri, and other local languages. How is it possible to exclude these words from all these languages? These sounds are the valuable capital of world languages ​​like Persian and Arabic. With this collaboration, Urdu emerges as a great global and scientific language. By removing these letters, Urdu will suffer a great loss in terms of knowledge. There will be an encounter, which cannot be compensated. In short, this change is not feasible in context with Urdu historical background and present linguistic geographical condition. The Urdu script is non- diacritical in its nature and diacritics in Urdu are not arranged in the same way as in Arabic. However, it is necessary to organize the essential diacritics in the basic textbooks. This article argues and analyses the justification of Urdu letters with similar sounds and diacritics in detail

Symbolism in Khalida Hussain's Short Stories

Khalida Hussain is an eminent Urdu short story writer. She is an introvert in her short stories. Her short stories comprise multi-dimensional meanings. To attain this purpose, she writes in symbolic style mostly. This article attempts to analyze her short stories from the perspective of symbolism. Sometimes she uses concrete symbols and sometimes an abstract way of writing. Her symbols are neither so easy, nor so difficult to understand.  She chooses them from life, society, folklore, literary traditions, eastern culture, and myth. She uses these symbols to express her inner feelings, self-actualization, stream of consciousness, interior monologue, existentialism, psychological problems, and also matters related to society. These symbols vary from each other and demand deep intention to understand them

The Fiscal Reaction Function and the Transmission Mechanism for Pakistan

Modern macroeconomics literature emphasises both the short run and long run objectives of fiscal policy [Romer (2006)]. In the short run it can be used to counter output cyclicality and/or stabilise volatility in macro variables, which is descriptively same as of effects of the short run monetary policy. Further for the long-run, fiscal policy can also affect both the demand and supply side of the economy. But in most traditional analyses it is assumed that fiscal policy would adjust to ensure the intertemporal budget constraint to be satisfied, while monetary policy is free to adjust its instruments [‘Ricardian Regime’ by Sargent (1982)] such as stock of money supply or the nominal interest rate [Walsh (2003)]. The debt financing methods, expenditure and tax powers of fiscal authorities i.e. the fiscal policy has also been seen as to affect both the supply and demand side of the economy. As noted by Baxter and King (1993), the initial Real Business Cycle models had only the supply side effects of the fiscal policy, where these were transmitted through the wealth effect and labourleisure choices of the household. Recently also New-Keynesian type models with micro-foundations and sticky prices argue that still through the supply side fiscal policy management could be accorded for stabilisation [Linnemann and Schabert (2003)]. The demand side effects of the fiscal policy could also be found only with more imperfections such as ‘Rule of Thumb’ consumers or those with liquidity constraints, which lead to exclusion of Ricardian equivalence [Gali, et al. (2005)]. But all that depends on the structure of the economy, as Blanchard and Perotti (2002) stated

ROLE OF PERMITTIVITY MATCHING IN DESIGNING OF EFFICIENT LIQUID IONIC ANTENNA

The aim of this paper is to provide an understanding of the use of NaCl based ionic solution in biocompatible antenna structures and to explain some of the previously unfamiliar limitations of such antennas especially when they are operated nearby or inside the human body. In this paper, role of matching the permittivity of wearable loop antenna with body tissues is discussed and the performance of the liquid ionic solution loop antenna is compared with the metallic loop antenna  using FEK

Particle Swarm Optimization of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna for Ultra Wide Band Imaging Applications

The aim of this paper is to optimize a Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (BAVA) to obtain a design compatible with the FCC UWB regulations (return loss less than -10dB for 3.1 to 10.6GHz) as well as having a high gain, low cross polarization, better group delay and smaller size as compared to several published designs. The paper also illustrates the important decisions taken in the design process to help reducing the optimization time and resources. The BAVA has been optimized to reduce antenna return loss and enhance directivity by directly applying Swarm Particle Optimization (PSO) algorithm on a full scale parametric simulation model of BAVA in FEKO suite. Finally, several important radiation characteristics are obtained and compared using EMSS FEKO and Ansoft HFSS to ensure consistency in results

Adherence to growth hormone therapy in children with growth hormone deficiency: Experience at a public sector tertiary care hospital

Objective: To determine the adherence rate of recombinant human Growth Hormone therapy (rhGH) in children suffering from growth hormone deficiency and parent’s perspectives regarding reasons for non-compliance. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at District Headquarters Hospital, Rawalpindi from January 2020 to June 2021. All children already diagnosed with Growth hormone deficiency were included in the study. Children with less than one-year duration of treatment were excluded. Demographic details were recorded on a predesigned proforma. Adherence to treatment was assessed using a combination of methods based on previous studies. The proportion of days covered >80% was taken as good adherence. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS 25. Qualitative variables such as gender, socioeconomic status, source of growth hormone injections, and adherence were presented as frequency and percentages. Self-reported reasons for non-adherence were presented as frequency and percentage. Results: A total of 38 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Both genders were equal in number. The mean age at diagnosis was 8.2 ± 3.6 years. Socioeconomic status was the middle (upper or lower) in 55% of the cases while 45% belonged to the lower socioeconomic group. Adherence was good in 44% of the patients while suboptimal in 56%. The cost of treatment was the main reason for non-adherence in all the cases. Conclusion: Non-adherence to rhGH therapy is common in our setup. Clinicians should be aware of different factors affecting adherence and all efforts should be made to ensure good adherence so that optimal targets may be achieved. Keywords: Adherence, Growth hormone therapy, socioeconomic statu

A comparison of Male and Female Medical Student's Motivation towards Career Choice

Objective: To compare motivation to become a doctor in both genders Study Design: Observational cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study:  Rawalpindi Medical University in March 2019. Materials and Methods: First and second-year M.B.B.S students were included in the study. Age, year of study, and gender were recorded.  The questionnaire included 18 questions assessing six motivational dimensions: status and security; nature of the occupation; career opportunities; patient care and working with people; use of personal skills; and interest in science. Responses were recorded as ‘agree’ or ‘disagree’ for each question and results were analyzed using SPSS v19. Results: Out of 350 medical students, 247 (70.6%) were female and 103 (29.4%) were male. Most frequent motivational factors for females were “Opportunity to care for/ help people” (n=240; 97.1%) followed by “responsible job” (n=220; 89%) and “use of mental skills” (n=217; 87.8%). Male students were motivated mostly by “use of mental skills” (n=90; 87.3%) followed by “provides secure career” (n=87; 84.4%) and “challenging field” (n=83; 80.5%). In our study, (n=61; 25%) of females responded in agreement that boosts in marriage perspective was an underlying motivational factor for their choice of studying medicine while (n=41; 40%) males agreed to it. There was a significant difference between both genders with a p-value of 0.005.  Conclusions: We infer that female medical students have more humanitarian grounds for choosing the medical profession and are more motivated than their male counterparts