The effects of different levels of Beta Plus on growth performance, microbial flora and blood parameters of Caspian trout, Salmo caspius (Kessler, 1877)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Beta plus probiotic, a mixture of Bacillius leicheniformic and Bacillius subtilis, on the growth performance and intestinal microbial flora of Caspian trout (Salmo caspius). A basal diet was formulated and supplemented with Beta plus at 0, 0.5 and 1 g kg-1, leading to three experimental diets. Each experimental diet was randomly assigned to quadruple 1500 L tanks. The Caspian trout with an initial weight of 108.7 ± 1.8 g were randomly distributed in the experimental tanks. The results showed that inclusion of dietary Beta plus significantly increased the final weight and specific growth rate (SGR) of Caspian trout compared to those the control treatment. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also improved significantly after probiotic administration to the experimental fish. However, the body composition and blood parameters were not influenced by the probiotic inclusion. Total count of Gram positive and negative bacteria in the intestine of the fish increased by feeding on diet contained 1 g kg-1 Beta Plus (P<0.05). In conclusion, administration of the probiotic Beta plus can improve the nutrient efficiency and growth performance of Caspian trout confirming the positive effect of a mixture of Bacillus spp

Effects of adding dietary Lactobacillus plantarum on efficient performance of soybean meal in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hematological and immune indices

In the present study, the effects of probiotic (0 and 1) in rainbow trout fed with different levels of soybean meal (SBM; 0, 20 and 40%) were evaluated on hematological and immune indices. A total of 300 fry with average initial weight of 20.05 ± 0.20 g by density of 25 fish per tank assigned to 12 tanks for 90 days. Blood was taken from fish on days 0, 45 and 90, afterward hematological and immune indices were estimated. According to hematological results in day 45, fish fed with SBM 0 demonstrated greatest number of white blood cells and hematocrit among treatments (p < 0.05). In day 90, the highest number of red blood cells was found in SBM 0 and SBM 20% containing probiotic (p < 0.05). Number of white blood cells significantly increased by adding probiotic to different SBM levels (p < 0.05). Hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations decreased in fish fed with SBM 40% (p < 0.05). In addition, there were interaction between SBM × probiotic in white blood cells on day 90 (p < 0.05). According to immunological results in day 45, neutrophil burst activity (NBT) was elevated by adding probiotic to SBM levels (p < 0.05). The IgM and C3 levels were significantly enhanced by adding probiotic to SBM 0 and SBM 20%. In day 90, the highest NBT value was observed in SBM 0 (probiotic 0 and 1) and SBM 20% containing probiotic among groups (p < 0.05). Addition of probiotic to SBM 0 and SBM 20% caused the elevated lysozyme, IgM, C3 and C4 values (p < 0.05). Furthermore, interaction between SBM levels and probiotic indicated significant effects on NBT after 90 days (p < 0.05). It could be revealed from the current study that L. plantarum compensated some adverse effects of SBM replacement on blood and immune indices by enhancing immunity, hence higher replacement of SBM is not suggested without using probiotic

Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum probiotic and different levels of soybean meal on growth and intestinal histomorphometry in rainbow trout diet

The present study was performed to examine the effects of probiotic addition to diet containing soybean meal (SBM) on growth and intestinal histomorphometry of rainbow trout. A total of 300 fry with mean initial weight of 20.05 ± 0.20 g were distributed to 12 tanks for 90 days. Experimental diets were included control (SBM 0 + probiotic 0), SBM 0 + probiotic 1, SBM 20% + probiotic 0, SBM 20% + probiotic 1, SBM 40% + probiotic 0 and SBM 40% + probiotic 1. On the 30th day, the highest body weight increasing rate (BWI %) and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed in diet containing SBM 0 (0 and probiotic 1) and SBM 20% + probiotic. On the 60th day, adding probiotic to SBM 0 and SBM 20% led to the highest BWI (p < 0.05). The lowest values of final weight, BWI (%) and SGR were achieved in SBM 40% without probiotic (p<0.05). Feed efficiency ratio was elevated in diets containing SBM 40% (p<0.05). On the 90th day, final weight, final length and SGR were highest in fish fed SBM 0 (0 and 1 probiotic) and SBM 20% containing probiotic (p<0.05). According to intestinal histomorphometry, on the 60th day, the highest villus height was found by supplementation of probiotic to SBM 0 (p<0.05). Epithelium thickness was significantly reduced by increasing SBM level to 40% (p<0.05). The greatest mucous thickness and goblet cells were observed  in SBM 0 (0 and 1 probiotic) and SBM 20% containing probiotic groups (p<0.05). According to results on the 90th day, villus height was significantly decreased by SBM level increasing (p<0.05). Epithelium thickness, mucous thickness and goblet cell in diet containing SBM 40% were lower than those in the other treatments (p<0.05). Considering present study, addition of probiotic to SBM 20% is beneficent to improve growth rate and intestinal histology

Effects of microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM 1136 probiotics on blood parameters and body composition of rainbow trout

Effects of the microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM 1136 on the blood parameters and body composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In this study, first the probiotic bacteria L. rhamnosus JCM1136 were microencapsulated with coatings of sodium alginate and chitosan. Then, they were added to the food pellets and given to the fingerlings. For this purpose, 225 rainbow trout fingerlings (6.23 ± 0.17 g) in 5 treatments and each treatment with 3 replications were placed in California trays (220 × 30 × 15 cm). Treatment 1 (T1): Fish fed with 108 CFU/g microencapsulated probiotics with sodium alginate, treatment 2 (T2): fish fed with 108 CFU/g microencapsulated probiotics with sodium alginate and chitosan, treatment 3 (T3): fish fed with 108 CFU/g capsule-free probiotics, treatment 4 (T4): fish fed with probiotic-free sodium alginate-chitosan capsules and control treatment 5 (T5): fish fed with commercial free-probiotic and capsules pellets. At the end of the course, results indicated that the fishes fed with diet containing sodium alginate-chitosan microencapsulated probiotics in terms of blood parameters such as red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit as well as the amount of carcass protein compared to control and other treatments were in better condition, which These differences were significant with control treatments fishes (p < 0.05)

Effects of lysophospholipid on utilizing different sources and levels of carbohydrate in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary lysophospholipid and carbohydrates (rye and corn meal) on growth performance, blood and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout. So, 480 fish (6.70 ± 0.99 g in weight) were fed with experimental diets containing 100 g/kg corn, 250 g/kg corn, 100 g/kg corn + 9 g/kg lysophospholipid, 250 g/kg corn + 9 g/kg lysophospholipid, 100 g/kg rye, 250 g/kg rye, 100 g/kg rye + 9 g/kg lysophospholipid and 250 g/kg rye + 9 g/kg lysophospholipid in triplicate. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Results of growth performance demonstrated elevating in final weight, specific growth rate and feed intake in Tcorn100+lyso and Tray100+lyso, whereas Tcorn250+lyso and Tray250+lyso contrarily led to lower growth performance (p<0.05). Also, RBC and hematocrit indicated interaction effects between diet × lysophospholipid and lysophospholipid × carbohydrate level (p<0.05). RBC and hematocrit were elevated in Tcorn100+lyso and Tray100+lyso (p<0.05). Comparative results of biochemical parameters showed reaction effects of cholesterol between diet × lysophospholipid (p<0.05). Cholesterol values reduced by adding lysophospholipid to different levels of rye and corn and also higher value was observed in Tcorn100+lyso and Tray100+lyso compared to Tcorn250+lyso and Tray250+lyso (p<0.05). It seems that rainbow trout has potency of using 250 g rye and corn in diet containing fat powder without lysophospholipid, while lysophospholipid negatively affects this level of carbohydrates. However, lysophospholipid helps enhancing growth and erythropoiesis in the levels of 100 g rye and corn

Probiotic Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and chitin supplementation in the common carp Cyprinus carpio diet and their influences on growth performance, body composition and feed digestibility

Probiotic and prebiotic have many advantages and are employed as a method for aquaculture yield improvement. The main goal of the current study is to evaluate the effect of dietary Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis as well as chitin on growth performance, carcass composition and feed digestibility in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. So that, 360 juvenile carps with mean initial weight of 12 ± 1.5 g were randomly distributed in 6 treatments based on adding different chitin levels including 0, 1, and 2% and probiotic including 0 and 2% (1×107 CFU/g) to a basal diet and cultured for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, growth indices, survival rate, carcass composition and nutrient digestibility were measured. Maximum final weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, daily growth rate, feed efficiency and condition factor as well as the lowest FCR were observed in treatments fed with probiotic 2%, chitin 1% and probiotic 2% + chitin 1% (P0.05). The experimental treatments did not influence the carcass composition and nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, it seems that adding 2% probiotic and 1% chitin can improve some growth indices in common carp, but can not affect carcass composition and nutrient digestibilty

Effects of microwave irradiated canola meal on growth, nutrition performance, carcass characteristics and digestibility of nutrients in Huso huso fry

Effects of diets containing microwave-irradiated canola meal were evaluated on growth, nutrition performance, carcass composition and digestibility of nutrients in Huso huso fry with 31.18 ± 1.43 g in initial weight during 8-week experiment in a factorial design 4 × 2 with 8 treatments, each with 3 replications. Treatments included T1: %20 canola meal without irradiation; T2, T3 and T4: 20% irradiated-canola meal at 800 watts for 5, 10 and 15 min respectively; T5: 40% canola meal without irradiation; T6, T7, and T8: %40 800 watt – radiated canola meal at 5, 10 and 15 min respectively. At the end of the experiment, according to the results, the effects of diet containing microwave-irradiated canola meal on the final weight, weight gain, specific growth factor, feed conversion ratio and daily growth in H. huso fry were significant (p0.05), but showed significant effect on the carcass ash content (p0.05). So, it can be added to the diet up to 40% without any unfavorable effect on protein digestibility and growth rate

Effects of supplementing diet with the alcoholic and nanoencapsulated nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts on growth performance and hematological indices of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of alcoholic and nanoencapsulated nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts on growth performance and hematological indices of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A total of 225 rainbow trout with an average initial weight of 23 ± 0.16 g (mean ± standard deviation) were fed with five diets supplemented with 0% (control group), 1% alcoholic extract (A1), 2% alcoholic extract (A2), 1% nanoparticle extract (N1) and 2% nanoparticle extract (N2) for 8 weeks. The treatments A2 and N2 showed significantly higher final weight and specific growth rate compared to the control as well as  A1 and N1. The experimental diets exhibited significant effects on some hematological indices, such that the highest levels of white blood cells, lymphocytes, total protein, albumin and also lysozyme activity were observed in A2 and N2. These results suggested that supplementing diet with the alcoholic and nanoencapsulated nettle extracts enhance immunity, and promote fish growth

One step toward aquaculture sustainability of a carnivorous species: Fish meal replacement with barley protein concentrate plus wheat gluten meal in Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius)

The present study evaluated the effect of replacing fish meal (FM) with barley protein concentrate (BPC) plus wheat gluten meal (WGM) on growth performance, carcass composition, digestibility, digestive enzyme activities, amino acid, and fatty acids profile of Caspian brown trout as a slow-growing and carnivorous fish species. Five experimental diets including Control (0 g/kg BPC), 25BPC (165 g/kg BPC), 50BPC (330 g/kg BPC), 75BPC (495 g/kg BPC), and 100BPC (660 g/kg BPC) were formulated. Also, WGM was added to diets to make them isonitrogenous. A total of 300 fish (13.53 ± 1.1 g) were farmed in three replicates per treatment for eight weeks. Results showed that FM could be replaced by BPC up to 50 % without any negative effect on growth performance (330 g/kg FM, 330 g/kg BPC). Fish was fed with dietary Control, 25BPC, and 50BPC digested protein and energy significantly better than those fed other diets. Accordingly, there were negative linear relations between BCP level in diets and trypsin, pepsin, and aminopeptidase activities (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the C20:5n3, C22:6n3, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) levels (g/kg) between individuals fed dietary Control (82.6, 148.5, 278, respectively) and 50BPC (67.0, 132.5, 244.7, respectively). Finally, pepsin and aminopeptidase had strong positive relations with weight gain, specific growth rate, the apparent digestibility coefficient of protein, lysine, and methionine values. Therefore, we suggest formulating diets with BPC up to 330 g/kg plus 40 g /kg WGM in Caspian brown trout diets based on unseen negative effects on investigated factors