Robust transitivity and topological mixing for C1C^1-flows

We prove that non-trivial homoclinic classes of $C^r$-generic flows are topologically mixing. This implies that given $\Lambda$ a non-trivial $C^1$-robustly transitive set of a vector field $X$, there is a $C^1$-perturbation $Y$ of $X$ such that the continuation $\Lambda_Y$ of $\Lambda$ is a topologically mixing set for $Y$. In particular, robustly transitive flows become topologically mixing after $C^1$-perturbations. These results generalize a theorem by Bowen on the basic sets of generic Axiom A flows. We also show that the set of flows whose non-trivial homoclinic classes are topologically mixing is \emph{not} open and dense, in general.Comment: Final version, to appear in the Proceedings of the AM

China and the BRICS Development Bank: Legitimacy and Multilateralism in South–South Cooperation

In 2013 the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) grouping agreed to undertake what will, when implemented, become its most concrete project yet: the BRICS Development Bank (BDB). From the perspective of the Chinese government, which already leads a vast and far?reaching cooperation programme, the bank will not represent a significant addition to its cooperation portfolio. What, then, motivates China's participation in the initiative, and what can it bring to the table? This article analyses China's interests in the BDB in the light of its past experiences with development, at home and abroad. I argue that China's interests in backing the bank project are primarily political. In addition to offering a concrete opportunity to legitimise China's multilateralism strategy – burnishing China's image as a responsible yet pro?reform global player – the bank project also allows China to influence international development norms. At the same time, the project also poses challenges for China, especially in terms of promoting poverty alleviation without resorting to trickle?down assumptions about an infrastructure?focused approach to development

La creciente influencia de China en el Atlántico Sur

En la última década, el flujo de bienes, personas e ideas a través del Atlántico Sur ha aumentado considerablemente, no solo por los vínculos comerciales y de cooperación crecientes entre América del Sur y África, sino también por los nuevos intereses de potencias emergentes extrarregionales como la República Popular de China. Este artículo estudia el papel creciente de China en la región de acuerdo con tres dimensiones (económica, política y de seguridad) a la luz de la evolución de su estrategia en países en desarrollo; se incluye el papel de actores políticos no estatales, como empresas y comunidades de la diáspora. Se concluye que, a pesar de que el Gobierno chino no tiene aun una «política sobre el Atlántico Sur», la región ha adquirido una importancia estratégica para China. Por último, se destaca el renovado interés de China por la Antártida

In and out and out again: The travails of Brazil as a security provider in Africa

The story of Brazil as a contemporary security actor in Africa can prove a peculiar one. Marked by quick gains and an equally quick recognition over a short period of time, it has also been followed by an equally quick turnaround which has led, as of 2020, to a visible disengagement on the ground. We explore the main travails in this domain, which have compromised much of the gains previously obtained throughout the continent. The chapter begins with a general balance of the progress achieved between 2003 and 2016, followed by the highlights of the recent downturn. We then analyze a specific sub-area, namely, the inroads carried out at the defence industry level, in order to showcase the promises and contradictions often associated to what the country has offered across the Atlantic. We conclude by presenting some opportunities for a new pickup of Brazilian interest in the middle and long run