Antiyeasts Activities of Garad (Acacia nilotica L.) and Rumman (Punica granatum L.) Plants

Medicinal plants are sources of antimicrobial compounds. Some parts of these plants were reported to contain flavanoids, tannins, saponine, sterole and alkaloid. Compounds.. Garad and Rumman were reported to have some antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the phytochemical compounds and the antiyeasts activities of these two plants. The cup plate Inhibition zone method was used for the solvents tested. The inhibition zone tests showed that the Garad leaves and pods extracts were highly effective against C. albicans, and bark extract was highly effective against C. valida. The bark and the seeds extracts were effective against C. tropicalis, while, the pods extract was more effective against Pichia sp. Rumman peels extracts were more effective against       C. tropicalis. The solvent tests showed that the methanolic pod extracts of Garad were effective against Pichia sp. and C. tropicalis. The leaves extracts were effective against C. albicans. while, the bark extracts were effective against C. tropicalis and C. valida.  However, the seeds extracts were effective against C. albicans, C. valida, and C. tropicalis. The methanolic Rumman peels extracts were effective against C. valida.          C. valida was the only sensitive yeast against the bark and the peel ethanolic extracts of Rumman. All the petroleum ether and hexane extracts of the two plants parts were not effective against all the tested yeasts. Both Garad and Rumman plants were containing inhibitory compounds against different yeasts. The study suggestes that further stidies on the extracts of both Garad and Rumman should be made before being  for treatin

Production and characterization of Pectic enzymes from three fungi

Pectins are compounds  that  are resistant   to  enzymatic  cleavage  in most  organisms  and  plants, Studies  were  therefore  made towards finding methods for hydrolyzing these compounds. One such approach  is enzymatic hydrolysis.  Three fungi   (Trichoderma   viride,    Asperigillus     niger   and penicillum   digitatum)  are   used   for  production   of   pectinase  enzymes, Two  methods (reducing  sugar and viscometary)  were  used  for  measuring enzymes activities. Pectin and sodium polypectate compounds were used  as substrates. The  production of  pectinases by the three fungi was investigated in culture media. T. viride and P. digitatum  gave  maximum   production  of pectinase  enzymes  after  two  week  and  A. niger  gave  it  after  one week. Purification   by   ammonium    sulphate   precipitation,     showed   that   the maximum  pectinase  activity  was  at   80%   concentration for both fungi A niger and P. digitatum. By using  gel  electrophoresis, five bands were found to   give   pectinase  enzymes   activities. The   present   study   showed    the importance   of   fungi   as   sources  of  enzymes and recommends that more studies  must   be   done   in   the  field of  biotechnology to produce glucose  from natural products by  using fungi. &nbsp

Factors Affecting Activity of Cellulose Enzymes Produced By Three Fungi

Three fungi (Trichoderma viride, Asperigillus niger and Penicillium digitatum) were used in the present study for the production of the cellulase enzymes (carboxymethylcellulase and cellobiase). The effects of different metal ions on the activities of these enzymes were , caused a ++and Mn+ , K++, Ba++using the reducing group method. The addition of Ca investigatedsignificantly higher increase in the activity of the carboxymethylcellulase enzyme of the three . However, the addition ++and Zn++ e a less increase was found by the addition of Mgfungi, whilactivity. The activity of the is enzyme caused a decrease in th ++, and Fe++, Cu++, Cd+, Ag+of Naand +ence of Hg, but it was decreased in the pres+and K ++cellobiase was increased with Caat the was occurred A. nigerenzyme produced by cellobiasehe higher activity of the T.++Cd, however, ++Ca and ++900 ppm for Mn –500 , while it occurred at+900 ppm of K –200 of range P. and T. viride ase of bothobiFor the cell 900 ppm. –800 of at the range it occurred ,++Ba for . ++, no significant different was noticed with different concentrations of Cadigitatumfungi at all th ase enzyme of boobigave a lower activity for the cell ++On the other hand, Ba concentrations. The optimum temperature for the carboxymethylcellulase enzyme activity was at . P. digitatum and T. viride bothfor C 050 –C 0it was between 40 , whileA. niger50°C for C.0However, the optimum temperature for the cellobiase activity of the three fungi was at 40 The optimum activity of the carboxymethylcellulase enzyme produced by A. niger was at pH 4, and for that of T. viride was at pH 6. Two peaks were detected for the same enzyme produced by P. digitatum, at pH 6 and pH 7. However, the optimum pH value for the cellobiase enzymes produced by the three fungi was at pH 4.0only

Growth and Survival of Some Microorganisms on Cotton Fabrics Treated with Extracts of Mesquite (Prospuis juliflora

 The present study investigated the effects of the aqueous extracts of mesquite on growth and survival of two bacteria. The results of the study showed that the aqueous extracts of the different plant parts of mesquite were highly effective in suppressing bacterial growth. However, the aqueous extracts were more effective against the gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus  aureus) compared to the Gram-negative bacterium ( E. coli). Extracts of mesquite plant were also effective in decreasing the survival ability of the two tested bacteria on cotton fabrics, although the effects were more pronounced against the Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus  aureus)

Physicochemical Analysis of the Drinking Water of Al Gedarif City, Sudan

In the present study the highest residual chlorine level (0.2) was detected in the city inlet and the circular line of the Atbara River sources. The taste, color and odor were found acceptable, although, the ground water is a bit salty and the raw water of the main stream of Atbara River, is always brown in color, specially in the autumn season. The highest turbidity value was recorded for the main stream of Atbara River, while, the maximum electric conductivity was found in Al Azasza boreholes. The total dissolved solids were greater in the ground water sources compared to that of the surface water sources. However, the total alkalinity  and  hardness  values  were  higher  in  the  ground  water  of  Al Azaza boreholes than that of all the other sources. On the other hand, the mineral contents (calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium) were higher in the ground water. Fluorides, chlorides and bicarbonates were also higher in ground water. Similarly, were the contents of nitrates, nitrites and ammonia. However no carbonates were detected in Al Azaza and Abu Naja nor in Al Saraf dam raw water

Enumeration of Coliform Bacteria and E. coli Contaminating the Drinking Water of Al Gedarif City

ABSTRACT The present study enumerated the bacteriological contamination of   the main sources of drinking water in Al Gedarif city. A total of 134 water samples (raw waters, treated waters, main reservoirs, main pipelines, and sabeel zeer waters) were tested for their total coliforms and E. coli counts, using the most probable number technique (MPN). The results indicated that the total coliform and E. coli counts were lower in the ground water sources (Al Azaza and Abu Al Naja boreholes) than that in the surface sources (Atbara River, Al Saraf and Dalassa dams). Moreover, both counts in most of the zeer water samples were higher than those of the other sources. It was also noticed that the zeers located in public areas (market) were more contaminated than the other sabeel zeers. The seasonal variations study was performed for the surface sources, where it was found that the maximum densities of coliform bacteria and   E. coli were occurred during the autumn season and the summer, while the periodical variations study was made for the ground sources, where the coliforms and E. coli densities were found almost higher during the second period of each year

Effects of Some Essential Oils on Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of some essential oils on inhibiting fungal growth of A. flavus and aflatoxin production. Clove oil was found as the best among the six different oils tested against the radial growth at the concentration of 0.05. mL/100ml. However the other oils were also significantly better than the control except the Pumpkin oil. Different concentrations (0.00, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 ml/100ml) of only three of the oils were tested against the radial growth of A. flavus. Clove and Cumin oils were significantly effective than the control at all these concentrations. Although Pumpkin oil was slightly more effective than the control at its higher concentration (0.05) ml/100ml), it was not effective at its lower concentrations (0.01 and 0.03 ml/100ml). Clove oil was also the best in suppressing mycelial growth at the concentration of 0.05 ml/100ml. However, the other oils were also significantly better than the control, while, Pumpkin oil was non-effective. Spore germination was also affected by the oils tested. Clove oil gave complete inhibition at its higher concentration followed by Cumin, Rehan, Garlic and Desert date, while Pumpkin oil was the least one. Aflatoxin production was highly affected by the essential oils tested. Clove and Cumin exhibited a complete inhibition, followed by Rehan; Garlic and Desert date while Pumpkin oil was non-effective

Physiochemical Characteristic and Biological Activity of the Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Bud Oil

  The present study was investigating the physiochemical and the biological activity of the Clove bud oil against the fungus (A. niger) and two bacteria (E. coli and Staph. aurues). The inhibition zone plate method was used for bacterial test, while the mycelia weights and radial growth methods were used for the fungal study. The A.O.S. official methods were used to determine the physiochemical properties. The studies on the physiochemical characteristics of the Clove bud oil proved that the acid value was (3.86), the saponification value was (38.27),the peroxide value was (3.83), the specific gravity was (1.043), the  reflective index was (1.525), the iodine value was (182.43), and the free fatty acid was (1.94). The results of the antimicrobial tests showed that  the  Clove bud oil gave a complete inhibition of the radial growth of the fungus (A. niger) at its higher concentration and a high reduction percent at its lower concentrations. However, the mycelial fresh and dry weights of the fungus A. niger were completely inhibited by the Clove bud oil at its higher concentration, and clearly reduced at its lower concentrations. The inhibition zone of growth of both bacteria was larger than that of the control treatment. Clove bud oil showed clear inhibition zone when used against Staph. aurues compared to its use against E. coli. Many studies have reported that oils of different herbs and spices can yield medicinal compounds. Spices and herbs have been used for thousand of years by man in traditional medicine. However, more physiochemical characterizations need to be done and the antifungal and the antibacterial properties should be verified in any further studies on the Clove bud oil.   &nbsp