A Reference Grammar of Tamazight

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94551/1/39015087418631.pd

A Course in Spoken Tamazight

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94555/1/39015087418599.pd

An Introduction to Egyptian Arabic

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94559/1/39015087418540.pd

A Computerized Lexicon of Tamazight

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94550/1/39015087418649.pd

A Sample Lexicon of Pan-Arabic

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94566/1/39015087418656.pd

A Comprehensive Study of Egyptian Arabic v. 3

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94562/1/39015087418573.pd

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SURFACTANTS ON INDOMETHACIN MICROSPHERES FORMULATIONS

Microencapsulation by the solvent evaporation technique was used to formulate Indomethacin-loaded poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone) microspheres with three different surfactants: Tween 80, Span 80, and Polyvinyl alcohol. Different formulations were prepared by changing drug masses, while keeping the quantities of the polymer and of the surfactant constant. The prepared microspheres were evaluated for drug content, particle size, morphology, drug-polymer interaction, stability, in vitro release, and cytotoxicity assays. Comparison was done to study the effects of the surfactant type on their characteristics. Microspheres presented a spherical and porous profile and were characterized by the stable character of the encapsulated drug. The usage of the Polyvinyl alcohol revealed the highest percent drug entrapment and drug loading, the biggest particles sizes, and the lowest drug release rate. It was the opposite in the case of Tween 80. A negligible cytotoxic effect was noted on Polyvinyl alcohol formulations having the highest drug content. Polymeric microspheres were used efficiently as a delivery system for Indomethacin. Changing the surfactant type had many advantages on drug encapsulation and release rate

Leaf and branch extracts of Eriobotrya japonica exert antibacterial activity against ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae

In this study, the antimicrobial activity of leaves and branches of Eriobotrya japonica, a Lebanese endegenious plant, against Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase -producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae was determined  and the specific plant fraction responsible for this antimicrobial activity were identified. The plants were extracted with ethanol to yield the crude extract which was further subfractionated by different solvents to obtain the petroleum ether, the dichloromethane, the ethyl acetate and the aqueous fractions. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) were determined using broth microdilution. Both inhibitory and bactericidal effects of Eriobotrya japonica on Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were mainly observed with the crude extract of the plant, the ethyl acetate, the Dichloromethane, and the aqueous fractions. The antibacterial effect of the Petroleum ether fraction was limited with the leaf extract; however, it was acceptable with the branch extract. The lowest MIC90 was observed with ethyl acetate fraction for both leaf and branch extracts with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The concentrations at which most of strains were inhibited ranged between 40 μg/μl and 80 μg/μl. MICs and MBCs effects were detected within 1 dilution. This study constitutes a good example for the screening of antimicrobial activities of plants on highly resistant organisms of clinical importance; however, toxicity of these extracts needs more investigation. Key Words: Eriobotrya japonica, Extended Spectrum Beta Lacatamase, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, medicinal herb

In vitro biosynthesis of 1,4-beta-galactan attached to a pectin-xyloglucan complex in peas

Cell-wall matrix polysaccharides are synthesised in the Golgi apparatus and then transported to the cell wall. We have investigated the properties of nascent pectin formed by the biosynthetic system in vitro. Particulate enzyme preparations were prepared from etiolated pea epicotyls (Baydoun et al, 2001) and used to assay for 1,4-beta-galactan synthase using UDP-[U-14C]galactose. Optimum conditions for 1,4-beta-galactan synthesis were determined. The enzyme products were characterised by selective enzymatic degradation and anion-exchange chromatography. Evidence was obtained for the formation of 1,4-beta-galactan chains attached to a pectic backbone containing both polygalacturonic acid and rhamnogalacturonan I. The results also indicated that part or all of this nascent pectin was present as a complex with xyloglucan. This complex may be similar to pectin-xyloglucan complexes found in the cell wall in rose suspension cells (Thompson and Fry, 2000) and cauliflower stem (Femenia et al., 1999)