NUMERICAL MODELING OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN SHALE OIL FORMATION

Shale oil reservoir is one of the modern studies that oil and gas industries have started to concern about it. Although its permeability is very low, shale oil reservoirs can be produced by using many techniques such as hydraulic fracturing method. Since the shale oil reservoir is much complicated, it is challenging to study hydraulic fracturing in this reservoir. Among the literature review, basic theories of hydraulic fracturing technique, how the process is performed, equipment used, and some fracture geometry models, will be discussed. There are several computer software programs that have been established to help petroleum engineers and planners to model hydraulic fracturing. These programs use numerical methods to model fracture propagation through the targeted formation. The user of this model will insert the necessary input parameters to that model. Eventually, the final output of these models will be the fracture geometry which is mainly the width and length of the fracture. The aim of this study is to analyze the two dimensional models which are Perkins-Kern-Nordgen, PKN and Geertsma de-Klerk, KGD fracture propagation models to obtain the geometry of the fracture based on the rock data as well as fracture treatment data. The realization of this project will intensify the knowledge and it will help in the future researches of hydraulic fracturing for shale oil reservoir

Implementation of Asymmetric Multiprocessing Support in a Real-Time Operating System

The semiconductor industry can no longer afford to rely on decreasing the size of the die, and increasing the frequency of operation to achieve higher performance. An alternative that has been proven to increase performance is multiprocessing. Multiprocessing refers to the concept of running more than one application or task on more than one central processor. Multi-core processors are the main engine of multiprocessing. In asymmetric multiprocessing, each core in a multi-core systems is independent and has its own code that determines its execution. These cores must be able to communicate and synchronize access to resources

NUMERICAL MODELING OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN SHALE OIL FORMATION

Shale oil reservoir is one of the modern studies that oil and gas industries have started to concern about it. Although its permeability is very low, shale oil reservoirs can be produced by using many techniques such as hydraulic fracturing method. Since the shale oil reservoir is much complicated, it is challenging to study hydraulic fracturing in this reservoir. Among the literature review, basic theories of hydraulic fracturing technique, how the process is performed, equipment used, and some fracture geometry models, will be discussed. There are several computer software programs that have been established to help petroleum engineers and planners to model hydraulic fracturing. These programs use numerical methods to model fracture propagation through the targeted formation. The user of this model will insert the necessary input parameters to that model. Eventually, the final output of these models will be the fracture geometry which is mainly the width and length of the fracture. The aim of this study is to analyze the two dimensional models which are Perkins-Kern-Nordgen, PKN and Geertsma de-Klerk, KGD fracture propagation models to obtain the geometry of the fracture based on the rock data as well as fracture treatment data. The realization of this project will intensify the knowledge and it will help in the future researches of hydraulic fracturing for shale oil reservoir

A preliminary study on some lactation characteristics of Tagger goats in the Gezira State, Sudan

   تمت دراسة صفات إدرار قطيع من ماعز التقر مستجلب من منطقة الدلنج في جبال النوبة وحفظ في مدينة واد مدني في ولاية الجزيرة في السودان منذ يونيو 2006م. تمت معالجة القطيع ضد الطفيليات الداخلية والخارجية وطعم ضد الأمراض السائدة في المنطقة وحفظ في حظائر مفتوحة بها مظلة من الزنك. تعتمد تغذية القطيع على الرعي صباحا ومساء مع تقديم حشيشة السودان (جراوية) وأبو سبعين ولوبيا ولم تقدم عليقه مركزة خلال فترة الحلب ووفر ماء نظيف باستمرار.  تم قياس إنتاجية اللبن مرة أسبوعيا صباحا ومساء بعد الرعي منذ الأسبوع الثاني في 12 حيوانا وأبعدت الجديان من الأمهات ليلا. إنخفضت إنتاجية اللبن من الأسبوع الأول الى الأسبوع السادس وزادت في الأسبوع السابع وبلغت القمة في الأسبوع الرابع عشر. يرجع إنخفاض الإنتاجية في الأسابيع الأولى أساسا لإنخفاض التغذية عن حاجة الحيوانات ويوصى باستخدام علائق مركزة خاصة في الإدرار المبكر لتحسين الإنتاجية. تباينت الحيوانات في طول فترة الإدرار وانتاجية اللبن المبدئية والنهائية وفي قمة الإدرار وزمانها وإنتاج اللبن الكلي. كانت انتاجية اللبن أقل من سلالات الماعز الأخرى في السودان ولا تكفي التوائم ويتطلب تحسينها تحسين التغذية والرعاية وتحسيناً وراثياً.   &nbsp

RESPONSES OF CLASSIC SPAR PLATFORM SUBJECTED TO REGULAR WAVES

Increasing demand for Oil and Gas and decreasing onshore reserves has lead to Deep water exploration therefore it has accelerated the need to explore structures suitable for these depths, which operate more economically in deep water. A Spar platform is one such compliant offshore floating structure used for deep water applications for the drilling, production, processing, storage, and oftloading of ocean deposits. The Spar platform was modelled as a rigid body with six degrees-of freedom, connected to the sea floor by multi-component catenary mooring lines, which are attached to the Spar platform at the fairleads. The aim of this project was to conduct a simple dynamic rigid body analysis in time domain for a typical classic spar subjected to regular waves and then conduct a parametric analysis. The results obtained are within the permissible limits where the maximum Surge, Heave, & Pitch recorded were 1.2 m, 0.95 m, and -0.04 rad respectively for wave height of3.6 m and wave period of7 sec.

ACCELERATED STABILITY STUDY AND MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTS ON NEW ORAL MATRIX DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR DICLOFENAC SODIUM

An accelerated stability study was performed on diclofenac sodium controlled release matrix tablets (MT20,MT33,MT34,MT33p,MT34p ) containing natural gums, semi-synthetic gum , Eudragit L100,and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC).Drug content was found to be in the range of 90-105% in all the five matrix formulas. Applying out of stability trend rules (OOT), the best formula was found to be MT33 which contained Guar gum 15%, and gum Arabic15%. No changes in physical appearance, or organoleptic properties were observed. Microbiological tests for the five matrix tablets were evaluated (1). No growth (bacteria or fungi) was detected, in preserved or non-preserved formulas despite of the gum content in these controlled release tablet

Effect of prerigor pressurization on postmortem biochemical changes in beef muscle

Prerigor pressurization of bovine semimembranosus muscle at 103.5 MNm⁻² (15,000 psi) for two min at 35°C significantly decreased (P<0.01) muscle pH, and significantly (P<0.01) increased the rate of glycogen degradation during the first 4 hr postmortem. Glycogen levels of pressurized muscle were significantly (P<0.01) lower than those of the control at 1, 2 and 4 hr postmortem. Glucose concentrations were significantly (P<0.01) higher in the treated muscle than in the control at all sampling periods. Until 4 hr postmortem the level of glucose-6-phosphosphate was higher in pressure-treated muscle than in the control. Lactate content increased rapidly after pressurization (1 hr postmortem), resulting in an immediate drop in pH; however, there was no significant difference between control and treated muscles at 24 hr. Pressurized muscle showed a significant (P<0.01) increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity over that of the control muscle at 1 hr but not at 24 hr. Pressurization accelerated catabolism of both creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate which resulted in a higher ATP turnover value than that of the control. R-values (a measure of metabolic rate) were significantly correlated (r=-0.95) with degradation of ATP. CPK activity was significantly higher (P<0.01) in pressurized muscle than in the control at 1 hr postmortem but not at 24 hr. Concentrations of ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP), bases and nucleosides (adenosine, adenine, inosine, hypoxanthine) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Pressurization completely depleted the ATP supply and increased the IMP concentration at 1, 4 and 24 hr postmortem. At 24 hr postmortem, control samples had more ADP whereas the AMP concentration was higher in the pressurized samples at 1 hr postmortem but not at 24 hr. Concentrations of bases and nucleoside metabolites and NAD did not differ between treatments

The effect of prerigor electrical stimulation pH decline, protein solubility and water holding capacity in beef muscles

This study was designed to investigate the rate of pH decline, changes in protein solubility and in the water-holding capacity (WHC) of beef muscles subjected to pre-rigor electrical stimulation. Samples for the experiment were obtained from animals slaughtered at the Meat Science Laboratory, Oregon State University. Nine good quality steers were slaughtered, split longitudinally into sides and the left sides were electrically stimulated for 1 min (600 volts, 7 amps, 60 cycles per sec) within 30-40 min postmortem. Samples were removed from the semitendinosus (ST) and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles of each side for the appropriate analyses at 1-, 2-, 4- and 24-hr postmortem intervals. Immediately following electrical stimulation, pH of the treated samples of both muscles was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than their respective controls. Similar differences were also noted at 2 and 4 hr postmortem. At 24 hr postmortem, the pH of the stimulated and control samples of ST muscle were essentially equal, whereas the pH of the stimulated LD muscles was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the controls. WHC measurements revealed that electrical stimulation had no effect on the treated samples of ST muscles. The stimulated LD muscles had significantly lower (_P < 0.05). WHC values than the controls during the first 2 hr postmortem. However, the differences were not significant at 4 and 24 hr postmortem. Initially, the solubility values of the sarcoplasmic porteins of the stimulated samples of both muscles were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than their controls. At 24 hr postmortem, sarcoplasmic protein solubility values were equal for both the stimulated and control samples of the ST muscles, whereas those of the stimulated LD muscles were significantly lower (P < 0.1) than the controls. The solubility values of the myofibrillar proteins of the stimulated samples of both the ST and LD muscles were significantly (P < Q.05) lower than the controls at 1 and 2 hr postmortem. At 4 and 24 hr postmortem, solubility of the myofibrillar proteins of the stimulated ST muscles had increased but not significantly. At 24 hr postmortem, myofibrillar protein solubility values of the stimulated LD muscle samples were significantly (P < 0.1) higher than the controls. Solubility values of the salt-soluble proteins were lower in the stimulated samples than in the controls of both muscles during the 24 hr postmortem test period. At 4 and 24 hr postmortem, solubilities of the stimulated ST and LD muscles samples were significantly less, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, than their respective controls. Data of this study show that electrical stimulation of beef muscles results in an accelerated rate of pH decline and a substantial reduction in the solubility of the myofibrillar proteins during the first 2 hr postmortem. During this interval, however, the WHC and the solubility of the salt-soluble proteins of the stimulated muscles are at higher levels than at later postmortem times. In fact, solubility of the salt-souble proteins of the stimulated muscles was markedly reduced at the 4 and 24 hr sampling times. These data suggest that if electrically stimulated beef is to be used in the production of processed meat products it should be utilized within 1 to 2 hr post stimulation when the WHC and the solubility of the salt-soluble proteins are at their peak levels

Status of greenhouses in Khartoum and Gezira States, Sudan

&nbsp;&nbsp; Greenhouse technology facilitates the cultivation of most horticultural crops in any region of the world, provided that the greenhouse is properly designed and equipped to control environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of greenhouses in Khartoum and Gezira States, Sudan, and show their drawbacks and disadvantages.&nbsp; A survey was carried out using a questionnaire and interviews with greenhouse owners in Khartoum and Gezira States. Khartoum and Gezira States have about 68 greenhouse projects, 33 of them were selected for the study. The data were collected during 2013 and were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) computer program. Results showed that 69.7% of greenhouses were privately owned and the vast majority of greenhouses were used to produce vegetable crops or seedlings. Results indicated that most of the greenhouses designs are not suited to the hot arid tropics of the Sudan. More than half of greenhouses had the arched system, most of them were covered by polyethylene, 69.7% of greenhouses were constructed in a single span, 72.7% had a single door, 76.3% of greenhouses had a height between 2.5 m to 3 m and 42.6% of them were 40 m long. Accordingly, an ideal greenhouse design is needed in which all the drawbacks and shortcomings are corrected to suit the arid conditions of central Sudan

Current status of tomato greenhouse production in Khartoum and Gezira States, Sudan.

Tomato production under protected cultivation has increased consistently in recent decades in the Sudan. The objective of this study was to investigate the current situation of tomato cultural practices in existing greenhouses in Khartoum and Gezira States. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire and interviews with greenhouse owners in Khartoum and Gezira States. Khartoum and Gezira States have about 68 greenhouse projects, 33 of them were selected for the study. Data were collected during 2013 and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Results indicated that a large number of introduced tomato cultivars were used for production and most of greenhouse farmers (48.5%) sow tomato seeds in mid-February. The majority of farmers (63.6%) grow tomato in high plant density (30cm). More than half of greenhouses (75.8 %) had no specific fertilizer programs. Most of the greenhouse farmers (90.9 %) prune weekly. All greenhouse farmers used pesticides for pest control. Our observations indicated that most of the growers failed to produce summer tomato. Accordingly, further research in tomato greenhouse production is needed