The application of digital elevation model for the Klang Valley geological structure.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to utilise the interactive view capability of the geographical information system (GIS) for the geological interpretation in Klang Valley, Malaysia.Design/methodology/approach – Topographical map scale of 1:10 000 was used to generate digital elevation model (DEM). The geological map was draped over the DEM to create a 3D perspective view. The geological interpretation was undertaken using the 3D capability of the GIS software.Findings – From the study, five lineaments which could possibly be the newly identified faults and one lithological boundary have been delineated.Research limitations/implications – Although these findings need to be rechecked in the field, they show the capability of the DEM application in structural geology interpretation.Practical implications – The results obtained from this study demonstrate the capability of utilising a geological map draped over DEM for structural geological interpretation. Thus the technique may increase the interpretation accuracy.Originality/value – The major outcome of this research is the possible use of DEM in the application of geological study

Open source geographical resources analysis support system (GRASS) for landslide hazard assessment

Purpose – The primary aim of this research is to investigate the application of open source geographic information system software, geographical resources analysis support system (GRASS) for landslide hazard assessment. Design/methodology/approach – Five parameters affecting landslide occurrence derived from topographical, geological and land use maps of Cameron highland were used for the assessment. Findings – The results showed that about 93 percent of the study area falls under zone II that is of low hazard, with less than 7 percent on zone III with moderate hazard and only less than 1 percent falls under zone IV, which is of high hazard. Research limitations/implications – The accuracy of the landslide hazard map needs to be assessed by cross-correlation with landslide occurrence in the field. Practical implications – The map produced showed the potential application of GRASS as a tool for producing landslide hazard assessment map. Originality/value – The major outcome of this research is the possible use of open source GIS software in the application of landslide hazard assessment. The capability of GRASS in performing such environmental assessment will certainly attract many researchers and organizations with limited budgets, especially in developing countries such as Malaysia

Application of probabilistic-based frequency ratio model in groundwater potential mapping using remote sensing data and GIS

The main goal of this study is to investigate the application of the probabilistic-based frequency ratio (FR) model in groundwater potential mapping at Langat basin in Malaysia using geographical information system. So far, the approach of probabilistic frequency ratio model has not yet been used to delineate groundwater potential in Malaysia. Moreover, this study includes the analysis of the spatial relationships between groundwater yield and various hydrological conditioning factors such as elevation, slope, curvature, river, lineament, geology, soil, and land use for this region. Eight groundwater-related factors were collected and extracted from topographic data, geological data, satellite imagery, and published maps. About 68 groundwater data with high potential yield values of ≥11 m3/h were randomly selected using statistical software of SPSS. Then, the groundwater data were randomly split into a training dataset 70 % (48 borehole data) for training the model and the remaining 30 % (20 borehole data) was used for validation purpose. Finally, the frequency ratio coefficients of the hydrological factors were used to generate the groundwater potential map. The validation dataset which was not used during the FR modeling process was used to validate the groundwater potential map using the prediction rate method. The validation results showed that the area under the curve for frequency model is 84.78 %. As far as the performance of the FR approach is concerned, the results appeared to be quite satisfactory, i.e., the zones determined on the map being zones of relative groundwater potential. This information could be used by government agencies as well as private sectors as a guide for groundwater exploration and assessment in Malaysia

Regional gold potential mapping in Kelantan (Malaysia) using probabilistic based models and GIS

The aim of this study is to test and compare two probabilistic based models (frequency ratio and weights-of-evidence) with regard to regional gold potential map-ping at Kelantan, Malaysia. Until now these models have not been used for the purpose of mapping gold potential areas in Malaysia. This study analyzed the spatial relation-ship between gold deposits and geological factors such as lithology, faults, geochemical and geophysical data in geographical information system (GIS) software. About eight (8) gold deposits and five (5) related factors are identified and quantified for their spatial relationships. Then, all factors were combined to generate a predictive gold potential map. The predictive maps were then validated by com-paring them with known gold deposits using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and “area under the curve” (AUC) graphs. The results of validation showed accuracies of 80% for the frequency ratio and 74% for the weights-of-evidence model, respectively. The results demonstrated the usefulness of frequency ratio and weights-of-evidence modeling techniques in mineral exploration work to dis-cover unknown gold deposits in Kelantan, Malaysia

DGS Based CP Antenna for 5G Communication with Harmonic

Higher harmonics in antennas contribute to negative effects on antenna performance such as interference, radiation pattern distortion, impedance mismatch and increased complexity in design, commonly occurring in RF communication systems caused by the non-uniformity of the antenna structure and the presence of parasitic elements. Therefore, a patch antenna operating at 3.65GHz for 5G mobile communication that incorporates techniques to suppress unwanted higher harmonics is presented. The antenna design employs a basic rectangular patch antenna with an inset feed technique to enhance the S11 parameters at the resonant frequency. Additionally, two dumbbell defected ground structures (DGS) are employed to minimize the higher modes of harmonic distortion. To transform the antenna into a circular polarized (CP) antenna, two truncated corners and a cross slot perpendicular to the middle of the patch are introduced. The proposed antenna is able to suppress unwanted harmonics at higher resonances, demonstrating its effectiveness in mitigating harmonic distortion

Preliminary Metabolomic Analysis of Goat Milk from Different Breeds Using Mass Spectrometry

Metabolomics facilitates the identification of numerous metabolites in a sample with mass less than 1 kD. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of feed on the metabolites in raw goat milk samples obtained from two breeds namely Saanen and Shami that were collected from a farm in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, respectively. The types of feed given to the goats were recorded. The fat in the samples were removed via centrifugation before analysis using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS). From the chromatograms obtained the presence of veterinary drug residue, di- and tri-peptides, short and long-chain fatty acids, some components from plants, and insecticide residue were detected using HMP, KEGG, LMP, and METLIN databases identification. It is expected that through metabolomics study it may be possible to formulate the feed and determine the breed that give good quality milk

Application of remote sensing in the identification of the geological terrain features in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia

The geological terrain mapping conducted by the Department of Mineral and Geosciences, Malaysia (JMG) is time-consuming especially for inaccessible or remote area. In order to improve the current practice, remotely sensed data such as aerial photographs and Landsat imagery were used to identify geological terrain features in Cameron Highlands, Pahang. It was found that features such as hillcrest, sideslope, footslope, straight slope, convex slope and concave slope were easily delineated using aerial photographs draped over a digital elevation model (DEM) compared to using Landsat imagery

Viability of bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 after spray-drying and freeze-drying

Viability of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 following spray-drying and freeze-drying in skim milk was evaluated. After spray-drying, the strain experienced over 99% loss in viability regardless of the air outlet temperature (75 and 85°C) and the heat-adaptation temperature (45 and 65 °C, 30 min). The use of heat-adaptation treatment to improve the thermotolerance of this strain was ineffective. On the other hand, the strain showed a superior survival at 71.65%–82.07% after freeze-drying. Viable populations of 9.319–9.487 log10 cfu/g were obtained when different combinations of skim milk and sugar were used as cryoprotectant. However, the addition of sugars did not result in increased survival during the freeze-drying process. Hence, 10% (w/v) skim milk alone is recommended as a suitable protectant and drying medium for this strain. The residual moisture content obtained was 4.41% ± 0.44%

Investigation of Temperature and Humidity Control System for Mushroom House

 Abstract: Monitoring and control the mushroom house environment play an important role in mushroom cultivation quality. Assurance of optimal temperature and humidity has a direct influence on the mushroom growth performance. Traditionally, mushroom cultivation has required a great effort to connect and distribute all the sensors and data acquisition systems. Natural environment such as the temperature during the day either on a hot day and the rain is affecting the temperature and moisture in the mushroom house directly. The optimal temperature and humidity for mushroom house is around 20°C and 80% respectively. For this reason, in order to maintain an optimal temperature and humidity, Matlab Simulink was developed to run simulations on the system. Simulink's block diagram is composed of three main parts for this system whereas input, control system and the output temperature and humidity for the mushroom house. Matlab/Simulink tool is use for modeling, simulating and analyzing the performance of the system.   &nbsp