Effects of Seasonal Precipitation on the Amount of Seepage-A Case Study of Tunnel 3 of Bazai Irrigation Project Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Infiltration of water into tunnel within a harsh geological formation is a vital issue in tunnelling. The consequence impacts due to seepage include tunnel rock instability, pore-water pressure imposition and diminution of operational capacity. The spatial variation in rainfall due to climate change intensifies the threat to tunnel stability. Likewise, to understand the impacts of climate change scenarios on the seepage of tunnel 3 of the Bazai irrigation project was numerically simulated in SEEP/W software by manipulating the rainfall data. The net annual precipitation is followed by two sets of rainfall data i.e., dry and wet season precipitation depending upon the magnitude of rainfall. The analysis revealed that most of the seepage occurred in the unlined portion. In order to determine the future impacts of precipitation on seepage quantity, the wet season precipitation was further increased by 10% and 50% for A1B and B2 conditions respectively. The seepage quantity into the tunnel increases with variation in precipitation patterns. To reduce the risk to tunnel stability, the model was also treated with cement-bentonite grout and bentonite slurry containing 6% solids. The performance of both grouting techniques leads to noticeable seepage deduction. The study further suggests that cement-bentonite is more effective in seepage remediation

Effects of Seasonal Precipitation on the Amount of Seepage-A Case Study of Tunnel 3 of Bazai Irrigation Project Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Infiltration of water into tunnel within a harsh geological formation is a vital issue in tunnelling. The consequence impacts due to seepage include tunnel rock instability, pore-water pressure imposition and diminution of operational capacity. The spatial variation in rainfall due to climate change intensifies the threat to tunnel stability. Likewise, to understand the impacts of climate change scenarios on the seepage of tunnel 3 of the Bazai irrigation project was numerically simulated in SEEP/W software by manipulating the rainfall data. The net annual precipitation is followed by two sets of rainfall data i.e., dry and wet season precipitation depending upon the magnitude of rainfall. The analysis revealed that most of the seepage occurred in the unlined portion. In order to determine the future impacts of precipitation on seepage quantity, the wet season precipitation was further increased by 10% and 50% for A1B and B2 conditions respectively. The seepage quantity into the tunnel increases with variation in precipitation patterns. To reduce the risk to tunnel stability, the model was also treated with cement-bentonite grout and bentonite slurry containing 6% solids. The performance of both grouting techniques leads to noticeable seepage deduction. The study further suggests that cement-bentonite is more effective in seepage remediation

Numerical analysis of embankment resting on floating bottom ash columns improved soft soil

The construction of embankment over soft clay is quite a challenging job for the geotechnical engineer, which may results in a large settlement, bearing failure and stability issues. Stone columns can be used to minimize the settlement and increase the bearing capacity in such conditions. This study was carried out to investigate the behaviour of bottom ash columns underneath embankments using numerical modelling. The soft soil improved with bottom ash columns under the embankment subjected to traffic-induced loading was simulated in Plaxis 3D foundation software. The study variables include three area replacement ratios (Ar) of 10%, 15% and 20% and two columns length of 5m and 7.5m. The results indicated that enlarging the Ar and length of columns significantly reduced the final settlement and consolidation time. The maximum settlement reduction of 58% was reported for the Ar of 20% with 7.5m column depth. The study suggests that bottom ash columns can be used to improve soft soil underneath the embankment

Evaluation of coal bottom ash properties and its applicability as engineering material

Coal ash is obtained in the combustion of coal for electricity production in coal based power stations. The non-combustible by-product including bottom ash and fly ash are discarded as a landfill. Consequently, the hazardous elements contained in the ashes can adulterate the ground and surface water. This study was carried out to emphasize the engineering properties of bottom ash collected at Tanjung Bin power station. An experimental study was carried out for particle size analysis, specific gravity, shear strength, compaction and relative density. The results depict that bottom ash possess particle size distribution nearly identical to sand, low specific gravity and dry density as compared to natural soil and having higher internal friction angle closer to granular materials. Based on the results, bottom ash can be employed in roadways, embankments and filling material for retaining walls by virtue of its low specific gravity, easy to compact and good frictional characteristics

Modelling on Faculty of Engineering (FKJ) students readiness in implementation of parking charging system at Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)

Transportation mode choice by students of Universiti Malaysia Sabah may depend on the parking price trend. A parking charging system is one in which a user can leave their vehicle at a particular place and pay a price based on the amount of time the vehicle is left unattended. The main objective of this research is to develop a transportation model based on the parking price factor in Ringgit Malaysia (RM). This model is important to overcome the adverse effect from the excessive number of private vehicles in UMS. The method used in this research is Stated Preference Survey (SPS). Questionnaire form has been designed and will be distributed to respondents via online to obtain required data. The data were then analyzed by using linear regression to develop a logistic model. Based on this study, there are five transportation models that have been developed in the form of a logistic model that can reflect the willingness of UMS students to shift from private vehicles to public transport. It is found that 100% of drivers are willing to shift from private vehicles to public transport if the parking price per hour is RM 4.00. The shifting of private vehicle users to public transport may reduce the number of private vehicles and indirectly help to minimize the negative effects from excessive private vehicles on the road

Development of transportation models based on students’ interest in a parking charging system at Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)

Transportation management and sustainable transportation planning were critical. A well-planned transportation system is extremely beneficial in terms of efficiency and environmental friendliness. To that end, parking charging was one of the transportation management topics covered in this study. A parking charging system is one in which a user can leave their vehicle at a particular place and pay a price based on the amount of time it was left unattended. Given the rising use of private vehicles, which has resulted in an increase in congestion and air pollution, it is believed that a parking fee system can be implemented to alleviate the situation. The primary purpose of this research is to develop a transportation model based on the parking price factor in Ringgit Malaysia (RM). At the completion of the study, a transportation model based on parking rates will be developed, and it is projected that once implemented, the percentage of private vehicles that use public transportation will increase. This model is deemed necessary in order to mitigate the harmful effect of an excessive number of private vehicles at UMS. The State Preference Survey (SPS) method was used. A questionnaire form was developed and distributed online to 300 respondents among the students of the Faculty of Engineering at UMS, in order to collect the required data. The data collected was then analyzed using linear regression to develop several transportation logistic models. The transportation models that have been developed in the form of a logistic model that can reflect the willingness of UMS students to shift from private vehicles to public transport. These models predict that when the parking price increases, the percentage shift of private vehicles to public transport will increase linearly. It is also found that 100% of drivers are willing to shift from private vehicles to public transport if the parking price per hour is RM 4.00. Shifting private vehicle users to public transportation may assist lower the number of private vehicles on the road and thus indirectly help mitigate the negative consequences of an excess of private automobiles

Effect of alkali-activator to bottom ash ratio on the undrained shear strength of bottom ash based geopolymer

Coal ash is generated as a raw product during combustion in thermal power plants. These industrial wastes include fly ash and bottom ash, which has been deemed as a source materials for geopolymer. Bottom ash is used in soil columns for stabilizing foundation soil. In the present study bottom ash from Tanjung bin power station was used as a substitute materials for making geopolymers. The effect of alkali activator to bottom ash ratio on the undrained shear strength of bottom ash based geopolymer was studied. The molarity of sodium silicate solution was kept as 14, Na2SiO3/NaOH of ratio 2.5, mass ratio of alkali activator to bottom ash 0.40, 0.50 and 0.60, and steam curing at 65°C were attempted for the samples. The experimental results of UU triaxial test indicate that alkali-activator to bottom ash ratio of 0.50 gives higher undrained shear strength

Effects of seasonal precipitation on the amount of seepage-A case study of tunnel 3 of Bazai irrigation project Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Infiltration of water into tunnel within a harsh geological formation is a vital issue in tunnelling. The consequence impacts due to seepage include tunnel rock instability, pore-water pressure imposition and diminution of operational capacity. The spatial variation in rainfall due to climate change intensifies the threat to tunnel stability. Likewise, to understand the impacts of climate change scenarios on the seepage of tunnel 3 of the Bazai irrigation project was numerically simulated in SEEP/W software by manipulating the rainfall data. The net annual precipitation is followed by two sets of rainfall data i.e., dry and wet season precipitation depending upon the magnitude of rainfall. The analysis revealed that most of the seepage occurred in the unlined portion. In order to determine the future impacts of precipitation on seepage quantity, the wet season precipitation was further increased by 10% and 50% for A1B and B2 conditions respectively. The seepage quantity into the tunnel increases with variation in precipitation patterns. To reduce the risk to tunnel stability, the model was also treated with cement-bentonite grout and bentonite slurry containing 6% solids. The performance of both grouting techniques leads to noticeable seepage deduction. The study further suggests that cement-bentonite is more effective in seepage remediation