Antibacterial Activities of Some Commercially Available Herbal Remedies in Owerri Imo State

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of 10 different herbal medicinal products sourced from the traditional medicine sales outlets and at the traditional medical trade fare in Imo State of Nigeria. The streaking and the agar-well diffusion methods were adopted for the inoculation of test organisms and sensitivity testing respectively. The antibacterial activities of the products varied considerably. From the screening experiments, product H showed the best antibacterial activity while production B had the least antibacterial activity by inhibiting only Escherichia coli with zone diameter of 16.75+0.01mm and MIC/MBC index of 0.50. The highest zone of inhibition was obtained with product D against Staphylococcus aeurus (26.45+0.06mm) and the MIC value of 50.0mg/ml. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed a high level of resistance to the products and was slightly inhibited by only product G with zone diameter of 3.78+0.14mm. There is need to standardize, monitor and regulate the product of herbal remedies available in the Nigerian markets. Key words: Antibacterial activity, commercially available, herbal remedie

Estimating the current and future cancer burden in Canada: Methodological framework of the Canadian population attributable risk of cancer (ComPARe) study

Introduction The Canadian Population Attributable Risk of Cancer project aims to quantify the number and proportion of cancer cases incident in Canada, now and projected to 2042, that could be prevented through changes in the prevalence of modifiable exposures associated with cancer. The broad risk factor categories of interest include tobacco, diet, energy imbalance, infectious diseases, hormonal therapies and environmental factors such as air pollution and res

Estimates of the current and future burden of cancer attributable to active and passive tobacco smoking in Canada

Although previous studies have examined the burden of cancer attributable to tobacco smoking, updated estimates are needed given the dramatic changes in smoking behaviours over the last 20 years. In this study, we estimate the proportion of cancer cases in 2015 attributable to past tobacco smoking and passive exposure in Canada and the proportion of cancers in the future that could be prevented through the implementation of interventions targeted at reducing tobacco use. Data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2003) were used to estimate the prevalence of active tobacco smoking and passive exposure. Population attributable risk estimates were employed to estimate the proportion of cancers attributable to tobacco in 2015. The prevalence of active tobacco smoking and passive exposure was projected to 2032 and cancer incidence was projected from 2016 to 2042 to estimate the future burden of cancer attributable to tobacco. In 2003, 30% and 24% of Canadians were former and current smoker, respectively and 24

Corrigendum to “Estimates of the current and future burden of cancer attributable to low fruit and vegetable consumption in Canada” [Prev. Med. 122 (2019)20–30](S0091743519300891)(10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.013)

The authors regret that in Tables 5a and 5b, the column heading ‘All’ should be changed to ‘All Associated.’ In Table 1 (page 21)on the last row (Head and neck cancer), the intake level should be 135 g/day (it is currently 80 g/day), and the RR should be 0.89 (0.82–0.97)for both men and women. The footnote (j)should read “Estimates from Nagle and colleagues (Nagle et al., 2015)”. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused

Corrigendum to “Estimates of the current and future burden of cancer attributable to lack of physical activity in Canada” [Prev. Med. 122 (2019) 65–72](S0091743519300817)(10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.008)

The authors regret that on page 68, Table 3, the number of observed cases, the PAR, and the attributable cases of breast cancer in the rows for both men and women were mistakenly presented. These values should be the same as those for women. In Table 3, the column heading ‘EAC’ should be changed to ‘AC’. In the title of Table 3, ‘***No confidence intervals.’ Should be deleted. Tables 1, 3, 4, and 5 are all missing a footnote to indicate ‘postmenopausal breast cancer’. In the last paragraph on page 70, the text should read ‘and 180 to 900 colon cancer cases’. The original text erroneously states ‘colorectal’. In the author list on page 65, the superscript for ‘the ComPARe Study Team’ should be ‘1’ instead of ‘c, 1’. A corrected Table 3 is attached with this corrigendum. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused. [Table presented

Estimates of the current and future burden of cancer attributable to lack of physical activity in Canada

Physical activity reduces the risk of many cancers, yet the prevalence of inadequate physical activity among Canadians remains high. Here we estimated the current attributable and f

Corrigendum to “Estimates of the current and future burden of cancer attributable to lack of physical activity in Canada” [Prev. Med. 122 (2019)65–72](S0091743519300817)(10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.008)

The authors regret that in the third paragraph on page 71, the text should read ‘Our result of 6.2% of all cancers in Canada being attributed to inadequate physical activity in 20

Estimates of the current and future burden of cancer attributable to sedentary behavior in Canada

Leisure-time sedentary behavior is an emerging modifiable risk factor for cancer. We estimated the proportion of cancers attributed to leisure-time sedentary behavior as a separate

Age-standardized cancer-incidence trends in Canada, 1971-2015

BACKGROUND: Although cancer incidence over time is well documented in Canada, trends by birth cohort and age group are less well known. We analyzed age- and sex-standardized incidence trends in Canada for 16 major cancer sites and all cancers combined. METHODS: We obtained nationally representative population-based cancer incidence data in Canada between 1971 and 2015 from the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System (1969-1992) and the Canadian Cancer Registry (1992-2015). We analyzed cancer-incidence trends, reported as annual percent change (APC) for each 10-year group from age 20 to 89 years. We also estimated age-adjusted incidence rate ratios from fitted birth cohort models. RESULTS: Across most age categories, the most recent trends show significant decreases in the incidence of cervical (APC -8.8% to -0.33%), lung (men: -7.42% to -0.36%; women: -6.27% to 1.07%), bladder (women: -4.12% to -0.07%; men: -5.13% to -0.38%) and prostate cancer (-11.11% to -1.11%). Significant increasing trends were observed for kidney, thyroid and uterine cancers. Overall incidence has increased among both sexes younger than 50 years of age, with recent increases in pancreatic cancer among men, breast cancer among women and colorectal cancer among both sexes. From the birth cohort analysis, we observed increasing trends in colorectal, liver and prostate cancers among men; kidney cancer and melanoma among women; and thyroid cancer among both sexes. We observed decreasing trends in cervical and ovarian cancers, and in bladder and lung cancers among men. INTERPRETATION: Cancer incidence is decreasing at many sites targeted by primary-prevention efforts, such as smoking cessation and screening programs. Substanti