Complication of Conventional Septoplasty

Background: Septoplasty is one of the most commonly performed operations with several complications.Purpose: To categorize and demonstrate the probability of the occurrence of septoplasty complications.Methods: Three hundred and twelve patients who underwent septoplasty in Loghman Hakim general hospital, Tehran, Iran, were followed up for 6 months and evaluated for probable post-operative complications.Results:The most common complication was remained deviation which was observed in 26.2% of patients   followed by synechiae and perforations. There was no case of serious and life threatening complications.Conclusion: Septoplasty has both aesthetic and functional complication. However, meticulous and careful surgery can prevent most of them

Stem Cells Injected into the Deaf Rat Cochlea via Round Window Could Survive for at Least One Week in the Endolymph

Background: Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is caused by chronic exposure to high-intensity sound. Although noise hazard has been extensively studied in the past decades, cochlear implants and hearing aids are only safe and clinically effective intervention in hearing-impaired person. In recent years, stem cell therapy has been studied to repair damaged inner ear tissue including hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Because of small size and complex structure of the cochlea, it is difficult to transplant stem cells. It is necessary; stem cell injection procedure has a minimal adverse effect on target tissue. Cochleostomy are currently used to inject stem cells that can impair hearing. In addition, cell viability is an essential factor in the regeneration of damaged hair cells. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the survival of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) injected through the round window of the NIHL rat model. Methods: Adult male rats were exposed to the 110 dB white noise paradigm for 6 hours in 5 days to induce deafness. Distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) was recorded before and after noise exposure. Hoechst labeled-cells were transplanted into the rat cochlea through the round window. Hoechst- labelled MSCs were assayed in the endolymph for 24h, 72h, seven and 10 days after injection. Results: Our findings revealed that stem cell transplantation into the cochlea via round window niche is a safe surgical approach. As well, cells transplanted into the endolymph survived for a postoperative period of at least 1 week. Conclusion: BMSC can survive at least one week in adult rat cochlea after injection through the round window niche

Post-rhinoplasty Sinonasal Symptoms

Background: Rhinoplasty is one of the most common aesthetic procedures. It has several potential complications. There is no systematic study with direct focus on these complications.Purpose: To evaluate the likelihood for occurrence of different complications following septorhinoplasty.Methods: One hundred and fifteen patients who underwent rhinoplasty were observed for post-operative occurrence of nasal obstruction, hyponasal speech, Post Nasal Discharge (PND), rhinorrhea, facial congestion and headache. They were also examined for aesthetic results of the surgery and asked about their satisfaction about the external shape of the nose as well as overall satisfaction of surgery.Results: Twenty-one patients developed sinonasal symptoms after surgery.The most annoying symptom was permanent unilateral nasal obstruction which was observed in 38% of patients followed by long lasting PND (19%), anosmia (14%) and altered voice resonance (9%). Five patients eventually underwent surgery due to their functional problems.Conclusion: Rhinoplasty and septorhinoplasty have numerous complications. Nasal obstruction, PND and anosmia are the most common. A careful follow-up is required for diagnosis and appropriate treatment of these complications

Gene Therapy in Hearing Loss Treatment: A Review

Background Hearing loss, which is highly heterogeneous, is the most common sensorineural disorder in humans. More than 50% of the causes of deafness are attributed to genetic factors. Numerous studies have shown the persistent negative impact of deafness on communication and quality of life. Therefore, action to optimize performance and maintain or improve hearing ability seems necessary. In so doing, interventions are performed after assessing hearing loss. The most important intervention is gene therapy; For several genetic diseases, gene therapy is a potential treatment that is being investigated. Gene therapy will restore the ability to hear by overcoming functional defects caused by genetic mutations. Furthermore, gene therapy might potentially be used to trigger the regeneration of hair cells by transferring genes required in the cochlea for hair cell differentiation. Aim: We review recent research about hereditary hearing loss and technologies in animal. Methods: In this study, we review current reports in clarifying genomics of hereditary hearing loss and technologies between 2014 and 2020 in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to create a gene therapy that may soon become a treatment choice. We also discuss recent research applied to animal models of hearing loss by gene therapy. Conclusion: Gene therapy allows for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss by restoring and/or preserving the inner ear cells functioning. Hopeful results from recent research have contributed to cochlear gene therapies being created for end-use in patients

Ribbon Synapse Reformation: A Key Role for the Hearing Restoration; A Review

Background: Auditory sensory epithelium of mammals has two types of mechanosensory cells including the inner hair cells (IHC) and outer hair cells (OHC). IHC in the mammalian inner ear is an important component for the sound perception. Information about the frequency, intensity, and timingof acoustic signals is transmitted rapidly and precisely via ribbon synapses of the IHCs to the type 1 spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Even in the absence of stimulation, these synapses drive spontaneous spiking into the afferent neuron. Evidence has shown that cochlear neuropathy leading to hearing loss may be a result of the damage to ribbon synapses Aim:Here, we review how these synapses promote the rapid neurotransmitter release and sustained signal transmission. We also discuss the mechanisms involved in ribbon synapse reformation for hearing restoration. Conclusion:Although cochlear ribbon synapses fail to regenerate spontaneously when injured, recent studies have provided evidence for cochlear synaptogenesis that will be relevant to regenerative methods for cochlear neural loss. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying synaptic reformation would be helpful in achieving reversal of sensorineural hearing loss

Trehalose increase proliferation and decrease apoptosis in hair cells induced by Hydrogen peroxides

BACKGROUND: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) a key reactive oxygen species, which is made through redox procedure, can induce oxidative damage to several biological macromolecules and play critical role in neurodegenerative diseases. Aim: The current study examined the neuroprotective effect of Trehalose on hair cells death induced by H2O2. Material and method: Hair cells were co-treated by Trehalose and H2O2. The effects of Trehalose on BAX/BCL2 expression ratio and cell viability were assessed by Real time PCR and MTT assay, respectively.  Result:  The results of Real time PCR and MTT assay indicated that H2O2 induce cell death, and Trehalose have neuroprotective effect and decreases cell death. Conclusion: Our data showed that Trehalose has the protective effect on hair cells death induced by H20

The effects of modern therapies on noise pollution affecting hearing loss: challenges and novelty

Background: Human reactions to noise pollution can have detrimental consequences for physical and mental health. Increased infection in the workplace or the surrounding area can cause deafness and its disorders, tinnitus, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, and sleep disorders. Changes in the immune system and birth defects have also been attributed to exposure to noise pollution. Adverse effects and cardiovascular complications due to constant exposure to noise pollution prevent human blood pressure from experiencing a regular cycle of increase and decrease around the clock. The most important sources of such pollution are cars, airplanes, long-term exposure to loud music, and industrial noise. In the European Union, more than 10,000 people die each year due to the effects of noise pollution. The level of noise pollution during the night causes the production and permanent increase of cortisol, which increases the risk of heart attack. Aim: The aim of this study was to review the results of research on the role of antioxidants and other protective agents against the destructive effects of free radicals on hearing loss and deafness. Methods: In this research, using the desired keywords in valid databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Medline), articles from 2016 to 2020 were performed and then this study was written by studying the selected articles. Results: The results showed that most of the pollution is caused by cars, airplanes, long-term exposure to loud music and industrial sounds, as well as protection and training methods, as well as the use of neurotrophic agents and antioxidants and cell therapy. Gene therapy is effective in treating deafness caused by infection. Conclusion: The most appropriate method in the treatment of noise pollution and deafness is the prevention of areas with high noise and the use of antioxidants

Protective Effect of Retinoic acid preconditioning on H2O2-induced Apoptosis in Hair Cell-like Cells

Background: Several researches have proven that high levels of noise can induce oxidative stress and increase free radical's formation, particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) production. Retinoids are polyisoprenoid lipids derived from vitamin A or retinol. These molecules are essential regulatory elements in cell processes. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plays a vital function in cellular growth, apoptosis, reproduction, cell differentiation, and immune feature by binding to its nuclear receptors. Aim: In this study, we studied the protective effect of ATRA on H2O2-induced damage to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs)-derived hair cells in culture. Methods: Expression of MATH1 and SOX2 genes were assayed by immunocytochemistry (ICC). In order to evaluate the tolerance of ATRA-treated cells, after incubation of hair cells-like cells with ATRA, it was exposed to H2O2 as an oxidative stress model. Then, the apoptosis percentage of cultivated hair cell-like cells was evaluated by acridin-orange staining method. Results: Our findings revealed that apoptotic cells were markedly diminished in the ATRA +H2O2 co-treated cells in comparison with the H2O2 only–treated group. Conclusion: ATRA has the protective effect against oxidative stress damage in the cultivated hair cells- like cells by reducing the apoptosis

Chronic Noise Exposure Activates Apoptosis Signaling Pathway in the Rat Auditory Cortex

Background: Today, hearing disorders are one of the most common problems in an industrial society. High-intensity sounds can induce apoptosis and metabolic changes in the auditory neural pathway and auditory cortex.Aim: In this study, we investigated the effect of chronic noise exposure on Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 genes expression in the auditory cortex of rats.Methods: Chronic exposure to 110 dB white noise was applied in male rats for 6 hours for 5 consecutive days. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured in the serum of rats prior to and following noise exposure. Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 genes expression in the auditory cortex was determined by Real time PCR assay. Results: Our results showed that the serum SOD level was significantly decreased in rats exposed to noise. In addition, the gene expression of Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was markedly increased in the auditory cortex of rats were subjected to chronic noise exposure compared to control rats.Conclusion: Chronic noise exposure can activate apoptosis signaling pathway in the auditory cortex of rat

The Effects of Deferoxamine on the Up regulation of Chemokine Receptor 2 in Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells

Background: Bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) are non-hematopoietic, stromal cellsthat can differentiate into mesenchymal and other type of tissues. The BMSCs have properties that make them ideal candidates for tissue engineering. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of deferoxamine (DFO) on homing of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell, and to examine if DFO can increase migration and subsequent homing of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro.Methods: BMSCs were isolated from the long bones of NMARI rats through density gradientcentrifugation and adherent cell culture. Next, they were treated using DFO in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) for 24 h. The expression of chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) were assessed using RT-PCR.Results: BMSCs expressed CCR2 on a large proportion of cells. In DFO-treated BMSCs,expression of CCR2 (P<0.005) significantly increased compared to that in control groups. Elevation and up regulation of CCR2 in DFO-treated MSCs were observed.Conclusion: Preconditioning of BMSCs using DFO prior to transplantation could increasehoming of BMSCs through affecting some chemokine receptors as well as proteases involved and thus improve the efficacy of cell therapy